Cultural Defence & Clash of Civilisations

Cultural Defence

BRUCE - where religion serves to unite a community against an external threat. In such times, religion has special significance for it's followers as it symbolises the groups' collective identity.

E.G - Poland. 1945 - 1989 was under communist rule. The catholic church was suppressed, but for many poles it continued to embody polish national identity.

Clash of Civilizations

E.G 9/11, Madrid & London bombings. HUNTINGTON - such conflicts have intensified since…