Costs of helping

Cognitive model of bystander intervention latane and darley 1970

5 stages

1) Notice event

• Affected by: Level of stimulation (e.g., noise, movement), urban overload hypothesis

2) Define as emergency

• Affected by ambiguity of the situation 
• Clark & Word (1972), person falling off a ladder
• Shotland & Straw (1976): “I don’t even know you” :  65% help “I don’t even know why I married you” : 19% help

3) Decide to…