Communicable Diseases & Bioenergetics

Metabolism

• The sum of all reactions in the body.
• Energy from respiration is used by enzymes that regulate metabolism.
• Includes conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen and cellulose as well as the formation of lipids from glycerol and fatty acids.
• Starch + carbohydrase (or amylase) -> sugar
• Proteins + protease -> amino acids
• Lipids + lipase -> fatty acids + glycerol

Exercise

• Heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume increase to supply muscles with more oxygenated blood.
• During long periods of exercise muscles stop contracting efficiently.
• Insufficient oxygen leads to anaerobic respiration.
• The incomplete oxidation of glucose causes a build up of lactic acid and creates an oxygen debt.
• Blood travelling through the muscles transports lactic acid to the liver, where it is converted back to glucose.
• Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen needed to react with the accumulated lactic acid to remove it from cells.

Communicable diseases

• Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious diseases, which are spread by water or air.
• Bacteria and viruses reproduce rapidly inside the body.
• Bacteria produce toxins that damages tissue.
• Viruses live and reproduce inside cells, which causes cells to burst.

Viral diseases

Measles
~ Symptoms of fever and rashes.
~ Most are vaccinated against it.
~ Spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezes and colds.

HIV
~ Flu-like symptoms.
~ Leads to AIDs when the immune system becomes badly damaged and can no longer deal with other infections.
~ Spread by sexual contact or bodily fluids, such as blood through needles.
~ Can be controlled with antiretroviral drugs.

TMV
~ Symptoms of discolouration on leaves in a mosaic pattern.
~ Affects many species of plants, including tomatoes.
~ Controlled by isolating infected plants.

Bacterial diseases

Gonorrhoea
~ Symptoms of thick yellow…