Class differences in achievement - external factors

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  • Cultural deprivation
    • !anguage
      • Bernstein's language codes
        • Restricted (WC) and elaborated (MC)
        • Schools use the elaborated code, so the WC may not understand, disadvantaging them
    • working class values (Sugarman)
      • fatalism - what will be will be 
        • collectivism - inclusion in the group outweighs personal success
      • immediate gratification - wanting ones pleasures now rather than waiting
      • present time orientation - living in the moment
      • these are seen as incorrect values in education and disadvantages the working class
        • WC more likely to be a part of an anti-school subculture 
    • parental education
      • MC parents…

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