AS/A2 Conditions, Reagents and Reactions
- Created by: LucyLaa
- Created on: 07-05-18 15:53
AS Organic Reactions
Free Radical Substitution (Alkane to Haloalkane)
Initiation --> Propagation --> Termination
Conditions: UV Light
e.g.
Br2 à 2Br.
CH3 + Br. à CH2. + HBr
CH2. + Br2 à CH2Br + Br.
2Br.à Br2
Nucleophilic Substitution (Haloalkane to Alcohol/Nitrile/Amine)
Conditions: Warm haloalkane in:
- Aqueous NaOH or KOH
- Ethanolic KCN
- Ethanolic Ammonia
e.g.
Elimination (Haloalkane to Alkene)
Conditions:
· Warm haloalkane in ethanolic hydroxide ions
· Heat under reflux
e.g.
Nucleophilic Addition (Aldehyde to Hydroxynitrile/Alcohol)
Conditions:
· KCN for Hydroxynitrile
· Aqueous NaBH4 for Alcohol
e.g.
This is also known as the reduction of an aldehyde or ketone when a primary or secondary alcohol is produced (SEE BELOW).
Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones (Aldehyde/Ketone to Alcohol)
Equations:
R-COH + 2[H] à R-CH2-OH
R-COR + 2[H] à R-CH-(OH)-R
Electrophilic Addition (Alkene to Haloalkanes/Alkyl Hydrogensulphates)
Conditions:
· Hydrogen halides used
· Also reacts with Bromine and Conc. Sulfuric Acid
· Major product produced due to stability of carbocation
Production of Ethanol
· Hydration of Alkenes
Conditions:
- Steam
- 300oC and 60atm pressure
- H3PO4 acid catalyst
· Fermentation
Conditions:
- Glucose and Yeast
- Anaerobic conditions
- 30-40oC
- Separated by fractional distillation
Fermentation is being increasingly used because it is a renewable biofuel, and is almost Carbon Neutral. However, there are some concerns attached…
A2 Organic Reactions
Esterification (Carboxylic Acid to Ester)
Conditions:
· …
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