World Development

• Economic:
  • Income
  • Job security
  • Standard of Living (housing, personal mobility)
• Social:
  • Family and Friends
  • Education
  • Health

• Physical:
  • Diet/nutrition
  • Water supply
  • Climate
  • Enviormental quality/hazard
• Psychological
  • Happiness
  • Security
  • Freedom

• Countries that have a GNI per capita of $1,045 according to the world bank.
• These are poorer that have mainly primary jobs such as farming and mining.
• Countries such as Bangladesh and Mali.

• A country that has a GNI per capita of $12,746 or above according to the World Bank.
• These are richer countries that have a lot of industry and service jobs such as the UK and Japan.

• First world countries refers to developed, industrial countries such as the UK.
• Second world countries refers to former communist - socialist industrial states e.g. Russia.
• Third world countries refers to developed countries in Africa and Aisa e.g. Bangladesh.
• Fourth world countries traditionally refers to as under developed countries such as Cambodia and Chad.

• A report on the state of the world development was published in 1971.
• It made a very simplistic division, contrasting economically richer and industrialised countries with poorer, less mature and largely agricultural ones.
• A north south division line was drawn  onto a world map to make this difference clear.

• the five - fold division based on wealth.
• these divisions are entirely based on wealth.
  • Richer industrialising countries e.g. the UK
  • Oil exporting countries e.g. the UAE
  • Newly industrialising countries e.g. China
  • Former communist countries e.g. Russia
  • Heavily indebted poor countriees e.g. Kenya.

• China is a newly industrialised country but has a communist goverment.
• Many oil - exporting countries have earned huge amount of money from oil but the wealth is only shared between a few and the rest of the country is very poor.

• GNI is the total value of goods and services produced by a country (expressed per capita).
• High income ($11,500 or more) = the UK
• Middle, upper ($3,700 - $11,500) = Turkey
• Middle, lower ($900 - $3,700) = India
• Low income ($900 or less) = Madagascar

• GNI can be misleading, especially in LICs
• Country`s may have a high GNI because they are relatively wealthy with a small poplulation.
• A country`s average (doesn`t show individual wealth)
• People in LICs and NEEs often work very hard but this isn`t included in GNI`s data (doesn`t take informal economies into account).

• This is based on:
  • Life expectancy at birth - this is an indicator of health.
  • Education - the HDI uses an education index based on the average number of years schooling.
  • Gross National Income (per capita) - this is an indicator of standard of living.
• HDI is given a value 0-1 (max=1).
• Wealthy countries have a HDI of over 0.9.
• Whereas, poorer countries are around 0.5 or less.

• Standard of living refers to the economic leve of a person's daily life.
• Quality of life or Physical quality of life index (PQLI) uses only social measures of wellbeing (e.g. health and also includes intangible things like happiness and pleasent enviorment).

Stage 1 (High Fluctuation):

• Low population
• High birth rate
• High Death rate
• Fluctuating due to disease/ war/ famine
• Traditional Rainforest tribes
• UK pre 1780

Stage 2 (Early Expanding):

• Population growing at faster rate
• Higher but decreasing birth rate
• Decreasing death rate
• Afghanistan
• UK - 1780 - 1880

Stage 3 (Late Expanding):

• Population still increasing, but rate of increase slowing down.
• Decreasing birth rate
• Low death rate
• Kenya and India
• UK - 1880 - 1940

Stage 4 (Low Fluctuation):

• High population, almost stable
• Low birth rate
• Low death rate
• Canada, USA and France
• UK post - 1940

Stage 5:

• Total population decreasing

• Very low birth rate (but higher than DR)
• Germany, Italy and Japan

• Little birth control
• Children need to help work on the land
• Some religions encourage large families
• Diseases, famine, poor diet, poor hygiene and little medical science