Realised Spanish rule could not be restored completely to the Netherlands without the support of William of Orange
William refused to come to terms with John
July 1577 John went with the Spanish troops and showed that Orange had been right to think badly of John
In September 1577 Orange entered Brussels. He was given the office of governor of Brabant.
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Calvinist Revolution
Orange attempted to please both sides by getting them to live in harmony but tried in vain.
The advance of Calvinism in the south alarmed many of the moderate catholics and ultimately ld to their return to the Spanish fold.
It was not so much religion as Orange himself, and what he stood for, which drew the grandees of the Netherlands into the enemy’s camp.
In particular, it was the support which orange drew from the lower orders and his readiness to advance the authority of the states-general which offended the aristocracy.
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Matthias and Anjou
The grandees invited the Archduke Matthias
Young duke was impressionable
Orange pushed that he ruled with a council of State appointed by the delegates. Orange also pushed to the states-general that Matthias would accept Orange as his lieutenant and chief advisor.
As a counterweight to Orange, the grandees brought in Duke Francis of Anjou, the brother of the French king
Anjou brought in troops of his own, 12000, and helped in the war
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Unions of Utrecht and Arras
Netherlands now split in two
Orange was appalled but in May 1579, joined with Union of Utrecht, the rebels in the north
Violent attacks on Catholics soon took place and orange was called naïve if he believed religious freedom would work.
Orange decided to bring in someone to help with this situation, Anjou was chosen
Anjou was unable to curb excess Calvinism and led to humiliation of Catholics
Holland and Zealand refused to recognise him, determined only on Orange
March 1580 Orange declared an outlaw, he replied with the ‘Apologia’.
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