What do intelligence tests miss?

Stanovich (2009) - IQ tests do assess

• How well a person can hold beliefs in STM and manipulate them
• How efficiently a person processes info that's been provided
• Ability to focus on an immediate goal despite of distractions

But they don't assess

• Emotional intelligence
• Whether a person has the tendency to develop goals that are rational, to begin with
• Whether a person is a critical assessor of info as it's gathered by natural environment
• Whether a person has the tendency to develop rational beliefs when presented with evidence

Model of the mind (2 ways of thinking) based on dual-process theory:

AUTONOMOUS MIND (few individual differences)
Type 1 - automatic, autonomous, fast-acting, heuristic processing (figuring it out for themselves)

• Little/no load on attention/central processing capacity
• Independent of high-level control mechanisms
• Operate in parallel 
  - e.g. face/word recognition, depth perception

ALGORITHMIC MIND (what intelligence tests measure)
Type 2 - slow, computationally expensive, serial, controlled processing

• Rule-based
• Oversees Type 1 processing
  - e.g. conscious problem solving, fairness judgements, financial decisions

Use autonomous mind until you have a bit more time to think, then overlapping occurs, and you use algorithmic mind 

REFLECTIVE MIND
Type 3 - beliefs, goals

• Questions goals of Type 2 processes
• Cog styles/ thinking dispositions
• Belief structure 
• Attitudes towards forming + changing beliefs

If we don't engage this = we'll think superstitiously

Defined as = Someone within typical IQ range, but acts irrationally 

Take in as little information to process as we can to save energy (evolutionary adaptation).

When approaching a problem, we choose between several cog mechanisms to help:

• Some = greater computational power, but slow and concentration required
• Others = low computational power, but quick and little concentration required
  HUMANS TEND TO CHOOSE THIS

Kahneman and Frederick, (2002); Frederick, (2005): being miserly

• Bat and ball cost £1.10
• The bat costs £1 more than the ball
• How much does the ball cost?
  ISN'T 10 PENCE (honestly I still can't figure it out)

Levesque's Anne Problem

• Is a married person looking at an unmarried person etc etc 

Tversky and Kahneman (1984) - framing effects can determine how someone perceives something
(e.g. 200/600 saved OR 1/3rd probability that all 600 will be saved) 

Between subjects design

• No relation to IQ (high and low IQ both showed framing effects)

Within subjects design

• High IQ less likely to show framing effects
  - however a cue is required before high IQ do better

In conclusion = intelligent people do better, only when you tell them what to do.

Mindware 

• Rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cog tools that must be retrieved from memory, to think rationally.

Mindware Gap

• The absence of the above knowledge created a mindware gap
• Not tested in typical intelligence tests

Wason Selection Task (Wason, 1966; 1968)
KA85

• If card has vowel on the letter side, then even number on the number side
• 10% pick up A and 5 cards (correct)
• Because, in order to show the rule is correct you have to falsify it

The problem may not be lack of mindware, but lack of application to rationality.

• Several Nazi war criminals scored over 125 on IQ tests

MENSA members

• 44%  believe in astrology
• 51% in biorhythms
• 56% in ET visitors
• (which to some are irrational beliefs because they lack evidence)

In conclusion = high IQ doesn't mean you're protected from 'irrationality'

• People do not seek to evaluate their beliefs, only to confirm them.

Attempted to separate intelligence and rationality. 

• He wants to cut intelligene down, rather than expand the concept of it to mental, physical and social factors

(1) What is dysrationalia?

(2) What don't IQ tests measure?

(3) How do cognitive miserliness and problems with mindware affect intelligence?
- first you gotta define intelligence...