USA 1919-1944

• President- elected every 4 years

• Supreme Court- nine judges chosen by president 4 years

• Congress- make law, declare war, tax. Two Houses ->

• House of Representatives- 435 congress men elected every 2 years
• Senate- 100 senators elected every 6 years

Democrats- Left Wing.

Believe in higher taxes and  help in the war. The government should play a key role in the economy.

Republicans- Right Wing.

Believe in lower taxes and rugged individualism. People are rewarded for their success and benefits the rich.

PUSH FACTORS:

• space (over crowding)
• Natural resources
• More economic opportunities
• Higher wages
• Free practise of religion
• 'The Land Of The Free'

PULL FACTORS

• escape over crowding
• lack of land
• lack of opportunities
• unemployment
• escape persecution 

USA had: White settlers, Hispanics, EU immigrants Asian immigrants, Black Africans and Native Americans.

Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) - President 1913-1921 - Democrat

Warren Harding (1865-1923) - President 1921-1923 - Republican

Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933) - President 1923-1929 - Republican

Herbert Hover (1874-1964) - President 1929-1933 - Republican

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) - President 1933-1945 - Democrat

American Economy Improved

More Exports

Problems with Unemployment- Ex-Soldiers

1919 prices doubled violent strikes broke out 

blacks were being attacked by whites.

Went back to Isolationism

Confident - to buy goods, invest in companies and try out new ideas.

WW1 - supplied EU markets, didn't suffer from war

Resources - iron, coal, minerals, oil and land. Great industrial power.

Technology - more household products, developing electricity.  

Mass Production - produced cheaply and on a large scale. created jobs. 

Mass Marketing - encourage people to buy fridges', vacuums, radios etc. 

Credit - people could borrow money from banks to buy products. 

Republican economical Policies ->

1. Low Taxation -

motivation  to work hard and earn money.

2. Trust -

allow rich men to control industries. Businessmen not government to control businesses.

3. Tariffs - 

put taxes on foreign produces to encourage people to by home grown products

4. Laissez-Faire - 

leaving businesses alone and not to inter-fear. 

• One of the first involved in mass-production.
• Influenced others to get involved.
• Made Cars.
• Provided jobs.
• Americans could explore and travel.
• Ordinary people could have one.
• Increase tourist industries. 

Cycle of Prosperity

More money available to send to consumer goods ->

Increase demands ->

Increase Production ->

Increase Employment ->

Black People

• Discrimination.
•  60%women were in low paid domestic work. 3/4 million lost jobs in 1920.  

New Immigrants

• Discrimination.
• Unemployment rates rises. 4% pay rise because its cheap labour.

Farmers

• Competition. Too much for and not enough buyers.
• Manifestation required fewer people to work.

Industrial Workers

• Over Population. Longer Working Hours.
• 600,00 miners went on strike in 1922.

• Established Americans felt more people only added to Americans Problems. Diluted Americans Anglo-Saxon Nature. 

• Reds were active due to 3600 Strikes during 1919-1921.

• Consequences of Red Scare was: 'Palmer' Raid 4000 were arrested over 36 Cities and 556 immigrants were deported.

How did Immigration Policies Change in the 1920's?

• New Immigrants were allowed in a fraction of the number of people of the same nationality who had been in America In 1910.
• Didn't want over population
• Foreign Criminals.
• America was supposed to be Free and Equal.

• Form of gambling, they didn't intend to keep their shares for long. 

• Pay 10% of shares, borrow the rest, sell the shares off and make a quick profit.

• Stocks- supply of goods kept on hand for sale to customers
• Shares- the full proper portion belonging to an individual or group. 
• Stock Exchange/ Stock Market- place were stocks were bought and sold.
• On the Margin: drifting towards one or the other side
• Wall Street- New York Stock Market. 

19 -> 3,488,100 shares changed hands. Heavy trading as prices began to fall. 

20 -> Markets Closed.

21 -> 6,091,871 shares changed hands. Prices fluctuated.

23 -> In last hours 2.6 million stocks changed hands. Many people bowed out. People tired to reduce loans.

24 -> 'Black Thursday' 12.8 million stocks changed hands.Panic set in.

25 -> bankers met to discuss support. 

26 -> Herbert Hoover made a speech.

28 -> 9.2 Million shares changed hands rapidly.

29 -> 16.4 million shares changed hands. Worst day in stock market history. Shares lost Value. every one involved was hit badly. THE MARKET HAD CRASHED

Long Term:

• Over production of consumer goods.
• Poverty/unequal distribution of wealth.
• Less overseas trade.
• People had borrowed money.
• Money wasted on advertising.
• 500 banks failing each year in 1920's.

Short Term:

• Prices started falling -> Panic Selling.
• Speculation -> Driven prices high. 
• People buying 'On The Margin' were in debt.
• Media hype cause panic.
• Lack of Confidence
• Banks decided not to help.

• Unemployment Levels Rose. 
• Factories Closed Down.
• People tried to get jobs by advising, protesting, visiting agencies.

• Hoover-ville - Shanty Town
• Soup Kitchens - food for homeless people.
• Hobo - Homeless people
• White Collar Worker - an educated worker who performed semi-professional tasks. 
• Bakeries gave old bread
• Homeless Shelters.
• Unmarketable food was given to poor. 
• Manual Labour.

• Between 1930-1931.
• Farmers suffered from depression.
• The South and Mid-west suffered from a serious drought.
• Land that had previously been used for animals were used for food in WW1 which continued afterwards. 
• Land had been over farmed and lost its fertility. 
• Years of hot summers, winds, little rain.
• 20 million hectares of land became desert.
• Thousands of farmers were ruined. 

The Car

• freedom to travel
• moved to suburbs
• opportunities (e.g. sexual freedom)

The Radio

• access to music and dance

Jazz

• black music - arrived by great immigration to northern cities
• for young people

Sex and Cinema

• Cinema 2-3 times a week
• fortification and lifestyle of stars 

• More Comfortable Clothing
• Work
• Gained Vote
• Drove Car
• Fashionable (hair, heels, no waist line)
• Flappers

BUT

• Paid less
• Pressure/ Encouragement on traditional rolls
• ******* Pregnancies
• Laws against some fashion
• Women could instigate divorce (men got children)
• Different Factory Conditions
• Farmer Wives couldn't keep up on fashion.

• 1917 communist revolution in Russia

• Russians moved to USA, fears of bringing communism with them.

• Series of strikes in 1919 by workers looking for better working conditions. 

• Bombs planted in 1919 to make people scared.

• Bombs targeted the home of Palmer.

• Police arrested 6000 people and 556 people were deported.

15 April 1920: Two men opened fired on a bank and stole $ 15,000. Manager described seeing two dark haired men with olive skin. 

5 May 1920: Two Italian men Nicola Sacco and Bartholomew Vanzetti were arrested with murder.

14 July 1921: Found Guilty of Murder. 

24 July 1921: Death by Electric Chair.

1970's: Pardoned on the grounds that a mis-trail had taken place.

Executed because - 

• Dark hair and skin.
• Publicly criticized Capitalism and American system.
• Vanzetti had criminal record
• Both found with guns 

• Founded in 1800's
• 5 million members in 1920's

Superior to Criminals, Drug dealer, alcoholics, adulterers, wife-beaters, politicians, Catholics, Jews and Blacks. 

People Joined because

• They could express racist views.
• Children joined because of parents.
• High Profit.
• God intended it.

KKK still exist today be less so  because of laws and they cannot claim that the government is doing anything. 

• After abolition of slavery in 1862
• Segregated blacks from whites.
• Applied in schools, parks, hospitals, swimming pools, fountains, cinemas, buses and cafes.
• Less funding given to black schools. 
• Many Blacks moved to escape segregation in southern cities.  
• Black Musicians made Jazz, white people didn't notice blacks suffering. 

UNA -  Universal ***** Improvement and Conservation Associates.

NAACP - National Association for the Adverseness of Coloured People.

• In 1920s Christianity was very important to many people. 

• In Southern states (Tennessee)  passed law banning umbilical teaching in schools (e.g. evolution and contraception)

• John Scopes, science teacher decided to challenges anti-evolution law and taught it. 

• He was charged with breaking the law.

• Although he lost his trial it made people more aware of Darwin's Theory.

Born in USA as full Americans. 1920's white authorities tried to destroy their culture and tradition.

• They were forced to go to boarding school

• Kids from same tribes were kept apart.

• Kids speaking own languages were beaten.

• Taught to make fun of parents values.

• Tribes converted to Christianity.

• Traditions were banned : Sun Dances, Boys having long hair, Clothing.

Law forbidding the sale, transportation, creation and consumption of any alcoholic beverages. (also means the act of forbidding, inhibiting or prohibiting)

• People started to realise that alcohol was bad for you. People suffered from sclerosis.
• Workers were regularly drunk, they were less efficient.
• Alcohol came mainly from Germany.
• People voted for politicians who promise to back up prohibition. 
• Men were wasting money on beer instead of providing for their families.
• Reduce Crime Rates 

This lead to an illegal market and industry's failing. Death statistics dropped by 1/3.

It failed because crime for illegal consumption rose,government failed to in force law, AAPA (Association Against the Prohibition Amendment.)

• Most famous gangster (Chicago)

• 1920's $60 million and $100 million a year thought fear trade.

• He owned banks, restaurants and businesses, prostitutes and own private army. 

• Employed 1000 people

• People payed protection money.

• A fight took place on 14th February 1929 no one was convicted.

• He was finally imprisoned inn 1931 for not paying taxes. 

• Four months period between the election of a new president.
• November 1932-March 1933

• Hoover cut taxes, government spending by $800 Million, reorganised banking system and he cut money on weapons.

THE HUNDRED DAYS

• Roosevelt became president in March 1933. He asked congress for emergency power for 100 days. They were usually passed only in war time. 
• 13 new laws were passed between 18th March 1933 - 16th June 1933.

• Relief - extreme poverty, feed starving, stop people loosing homes.
• Recovery - revive economy by getting industry and working. 
• Reform - unemployment insurance, old-age pension and help for sick, disabled and needy. 

• Farm Credit Administration - helped farmers - they made loans to a fifth of all farmers so that they would not lose their farms. 

• Civilian Works Administration - helped unemployed - short-term scheme to give work BOONDOGGLE JOBS.

• Federal Emergency Relief Administration - helped homeless and unemployed - $500 Million given to feed, clothe, and provide employment schemes. 

• Home Owners Loan Corporation - helped people who could lose their homes - loaned money to over a million people.

• Emergency Banking Act - helped bankers and investors - government only allowed good banks to remain open.

• Agricultural Adjustment Agency - helped farmers - paid farmers to reduce less food by taking lout out of production prices went up.

• Civilian Conservation Corps - helped single men and unemployed - gave jobs to single men under 25 $1 a day was sent to help parents.

• Public Works Administration - helped unemployed - $7 billion was spent on building dams, bridges, sewage systems and houses. 

• National Recovery Administration - helped workers - Trade unions were set up, minimum wage and forbade child labour. 

• Beer - helped everybody -  ended prohibition, alcohol industry was restored. 

•  Public Works Administration - helped unemployed - spent $7 billion building dams, bridges, sewage systems and houses. 

• The Works Progress Administration (WPA) 1935 - helped unemployed and general public - built roads, buildings, school, break trees 16600km long to stop future dust bowl.

• The Social Security Act 1935 - help sick, old and unemployed - created benefits. 

• The Wagner Act 1935 - helped workers - formed Unions.

• The Resettlement Admin 1935 and The farm Security Admin 1937 - helped farm workers and share croppers. 

• During spring the area around Tennessee and nearby states flooded destroying farm areas.

• In Summer Tennessee would suffer from drout. Roosevelt saw that the biggest problem was the river.

• Effected Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky, Virginia and North Carolina. 

• They Built 21 dams over 10 years.

• Made cheap electricity, transport carrying steel, coal etc. turbines built.

• Poverty gradually disappeared by 1940 it was Roosevelt's Pride of the New Deal. 

• The supreme court was full of old republican judges. They were biased against the changes. Roosevelt was aware hist idea went against republican ideas (laissez-faire and individualism) 

• Supreme Court ruled that some laws were unconstitutional: firstly, the president was not allowed to control businesses and secondly, some laws were only for individual states. 

• The 'Sick Chicken' a poultry company was found to have sold rotten chickens. the supreme court said that the president could not interfere with trade. 

• Roosevelt wanted 6 new judges to replace oldest of judges, Congress refused and Roosevelt accused them of being dictators. Some judges decided to resign.