Urbanisation

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  • Created by: Mimipotte
  • Created on: 27-02-17 17:24

Impacts in urban areas

As urban populations grow demand increases for space, resoures and services. Demands not met = Poor QOL. Developing countries cannot afford to meet these demands or cannot keep up with urbanisation = negative impacts: 

  • Not enough homes and cannot afford to build rent or buy
  • Migrants build their own slums or shanty towns = unregulated growth and houses are poorly built on areas inappropriate for construction. Have a lack of basic services = high risk of disease. Children growing up dont have an education so got work. Tension and socail problems due to economic differences.
  • High competition for formal jobs in the formal sector, migrants may have to accept lower paid jobs. 
  • The informal sector pays badly, offers no job security and can be dangerous.people on this income often live in poverty.
  • Rapid Population growth = pressure on railways and roads = conjestion and air pollution. 
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Managing Impacts on Urban Areas

There are several ways to tackle poverty and improve QOL: 

  • Building new housing to replace the slums - in Sao Paulo in 1995 the government-run Cinagapuru housing project aimed to replace favelas with cheap apartments. Only 14000 of the planned 100,000 built - scheme scrapped as people couldnt pay rent 
  • Improving services in available slums - Sao Paulo the Monte Azul Community Association provides services e.g. eduction and free health care in the favela. 
  • Getting residents involved in their local areas - e.g. Rio de Janeiro $300 million Favela- Bairro project made improvements in 73 favelas across the city. Residents chose improvements they wanted and felt involved with the development. New services staffed by local residents providing incomes and ability to learn new schools.
  • Redeveloping areas of slums into new independent townships - Dharavi Mumbai.  
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Mumbai's Rapid Urbanisation

Mumbai is a mega city on the west coast of India. Mumbai is globally important - it is a major port on the Indian Ocean, India's financial centre and a hub of industry and services. The city is also a cultural centre - home of Bollywood. 

Migrants from Rural areas move in search of jobs. As a result population increased from 5.9 million in 1971 to 12.5 million in 2011. 

The city has struggled to handle the rapid urbanisation caused by immigration - more than half of the population live in poverty in slums which cover large parts of the city. 

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Problems of Urbanisation in Mumbai

  • LIving conditions are pooor - homes are cramped and poorly built often withut water or sanitation. This can lead to disease as raw sewage spreads disease. 
  • Health Care services cannot meet the needs of the increased population - only reaches 30% of the urban poor. Diseases like Malaria and Dengue fever are common and the infant mortality rate is high (40 deaths per 1000). 
  • Increased population increases the demand for water - but the supply is dependent on Monsoon rains 
  • The road network carries millions and cannot cope with this level of traffic = long journey times, conjestion and air pollution. 
  • Waste causes problems. Chembur E neighbourhood = waste burnt on open rubbish dumps = air pollution - 25% of deaths in Chembur between 2007 to 2008 were caused by respiratory problems. 
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Managing issues in Mumbai

  • 2004 = redevelopment project to clear the dharavi slums and create an independent township. PLans = apartment blocks, water, sewage, hospitals and schools. Some residents = opposed as redevelopment may ruin livlihoods e.g. recycling industry and the community. 
  • Slum sanitation Program was started in 1995 by a group of NGO's - built 330 communal toilet blocks. 
  • Rainwater harvesting systems made by local authorities. compulsory on mumbai land plots of over 300m squared. Since 2007 only half of eliglbe building have installed these water harvesting plants. 
  • People are using alternative forms of transport to avoid being stuck in traffic and reduce their journey times = reduces congestion, but these vehicles add to the poor air quality. 
  • Metro system of over 140km of new rail lines is being developed - first lne set up in 2013 but will be complete by 2021. 
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