Urbanisation

• Rural urban migration
• Natuarally increasing population

There are push and pull factors that lead to urbanisation:

Push:

• Desertification as climate changes and over used, so becomes unproductive and people move.
• Farmers take out loans to help produce more crops, however most cant pay back and lose land.
  
• Conflict and civil war  means people flee 
  
• Natuaral disasters strike and people can not afford to re build.
• Lack of jobs due to Mechanisation of agriculture.
  
• Changes in land use eg when dams are built and flood local areas.

Pull:

• More jobs that are usually better paid
  
• Easier access to health care  and education
• Perception of better quality of life.

• Increased demand for, houses, rescources and services, resulting in pooor quality of life in CBD.

Developing countries cannot keep up with the demand an often has negative consequences:

• Not enough houses and cannot afford to rent or buy leading to people living on the streets
• Migrants build their own houses resulting in slums or shanti towns as are poorly built and have their own issues:
• 1) Built in dangerous areas such as hillsides or flood risk areas.
• 2)Lack of basic services like sewage and clean waterleading to high risk of disease.
• 3)Once in them hard for future generations to get out and work.
• 4) Difference in wealth can lead to social problems.
• High competition for jobs in the formal sector means migrans are left with unsecure jobs that are low paid and have poor working conditions.
  
• Irregualr income leads to poverty.
  
• Rapid growth leads to congestion in transport and air pollution.

• Build new housing to replace slums however a scheme in Sao Palo was scrapped as too many people coulndt even afford to rent.
• Improve the services eg making it free
• Improve local areas get the community involved to improve flavelas
• Redeveloping slums independant townships such as in Mumbai

Facts:

Mega city, major port, Bollywood and population has grown 6.6 million in 40 years, leading to more than half the city living in slums.

Impacts:

• Poor living conditions with lack of space and facilities such as toilets, sewage spreads disease
• Health care cannot cope with the increasing demand, and only 30% of the urban poor are covered 
• As a result outbreadks of disease  is common such as malaria and dengue fever 
• High infant mortality (40 per 1000)
• Water has to be rationed because of the high demand and are dependant on the monsoon rain
• Congestion, long journeys and high pollution.
• More waste has to burnt. In 2007-08 25% of deaths in Chembur were respiritory related.

Redevelopment project- To clear Dharavi slum and create a new independent township

The develoment scheme aimed to build new appartments, water and sewage systems & hospitals and schools

• Some residents of the slum are strongly against the redevelopment
• Dharavi has strong successful industries e.g. recycling 
• Destroy livilihood and community spirit 

Slum sanitation programme- 1995- NGO built 330 new commercial toilet blocks in slums. 

Rain water harvesting systems- Created to reduce demand for water became compulsory for new residential buildings to have installed, however in 2007 only half eligeible buildings had them.

Alternative forms of transport- Being used such as scooters/mopeds to avoid congestion, however it does add to air polution and associated health problems.

New metro system- To be completed by 2021