urban environment

Push

• wars
  
• natural distasters (drought/flood -> crop failure/ famine)
• unemployment
• no doctor/ schools
• poor housing 

Pull

• better health care 
  
• good housing
• good well payed jobs
• good food supply
• safe

• overcrowding - high population density
• fires - spread quickly
• overpopulation - area dons't have enough resources to support population
• jobs - competition over  limited jobs
• disease - poor sanitation/ health care -> spread of disease
• lack of space - poorest/ newest resident live on worst land
• infrastructure - services are poor/ public transport limited/ electricity supply limited/dangerous 

Site and Service Schemes 

• people get chance to rent/buy land
  
• land is connected to city by transport and access to services (water)
• people build own homes using money - loaned

Self-help Schemes

• people get tools and training to improve homes
• loans are used to fund changes
• people may get legal ownership of land

Rural Investment 

• improving quality of life/ creating oppertunities in rural areas -> prevent people migratingto urban areas
• investmant in rural area -> improve conditions in cites

Brazil (LEDC) Curitba Bus System 

Advantages

• sheltered bus stations
• large buses for many people
• centre of town
• not eyesore
• bus travels on bus track > faster

Disadvantages 

• on a normal road 
• complicate dbus route
• uses biodiesel
• expnsive

- where a person's quality of life falls below a level that is acceptable in that country

- a good 'quality lof life' is determined  by:

Economic conditions:

• level of income
• unemployment rate
• rate of homeownership (rent vs buy)

Social conditions:

• quality of local schools
• hosuing quality
• access to healthcare
• life expectancy
• crime rates

Beginning

• in 1800 London docks busy -> factories -> lots of jobs -> people came to get jobs there
• 1900 machines replace people / after WW2 factories move abroad (cheap labour)
• HIGH unemployment ->people move ->area into decline
• in 1981 docks closed

Decline

• 1980 dock redeveloped -> expensive apartments and offices (canary wharf)
• few jobs went to locals (not qualified)
• 2007 East London highest unemployment / in CW highest salaries
• high percentage of single parents (no employment) /low life expectancy

Redevelopment

• building Olympic Park -> busnisses had to move (more unemployment e.g salmon factory)
• construction/enginere college open(local people get jobs) -> olympic park building/ railway
• New eurostar/ underground built to OP (improved PT)
• OP -> more green space along thames -> very polluted area before, 90% materials reused, electricity cables taken down -> underground

Legacy

• stadium -internation sport events
• pool - used by locals/national schools/ clubs, can hold large events
• park - free access to all (green spaces)
• housing - 40 thousand new homes
• offices - buidlings on OP -> offces (new jobs)
•  local community - local housing estates funding for facilties (football pitches/play areas)

Environmental conditions:

• levels of pollution 
• amount of greenspace 
• amount of vandalism

Nightingale Estate (Hackney)

• More security (street lamps, cameras, locks on apartment doors)
• childrens play areas, youth club, old citizens club)
• litter and recycling collection point 

England (MEDC) Cambridge Guided Busway

Advantages 

• no other vehicle uses track
• land between guideways left open for rain drainage
• rqeuires less land than road
• increases wifelife
• St. Ives - Cambridge

Disadvanatges 

• uses up land 
• is expensive

- housing which provides homes for people without damaging the environment

A BEDZED house:

• rainwater collection (for showers/taps)
• wind driven ventilation w/heat recovery
• solar energy (electric car)
• low energy lighting/ appliances (low-power flush WC)
• electrity from biofuels
• septic tank/foul water treatment (reuse water)

-Eco towns are full of BEDZED housing ideas

• have own shops/schools (local/community based)
• carbon neutral (use renewable energy resources)
• town is socio-economic (jobs near home) no commute
• Eco towns encourage more environmentally friendly homes (hard to be less sustainable)
•  Leeds Greenhouse development is an example of an eco-town
• residents grow own produce (gardens)/ food bought near town (less food miles) -> -CO2
• acces to car club, buses, cycle storage
• residents pay 1/3 or energy bill compared to average UK homes
• doubled glazed windows, super insulation, large windturbine, heat-exchange tec.

- MC is an eco-city (Abu Dhabi)

• completely powered by renewable energy resources
• encourage all building materials to be recycled
• have tec. centre/ school for new eco-friendly ideas to be created
• underground car system (solar panelled cars)