Urban Areas

-The % of people living in towns and cities (urban areas).

• CAN BE INCREASED BY NATURAL INCREASE
•                                    (birth rate is higher than the death rate).
• YOUNG PEOPLE MOVE TO URBAN AREAS TO FIND EMPLOYMENT, THEY THEN HAVE KIDS.
• PEOPLE MAY MOVE BECAUSE OF CONFLICT OR WAR.
• THERE'S A BETTER HEALTH CARE AND EDUCATION IN URBAN AREA.

-Better access to services

                                       (education,health care etc)

-Access to clean water,

-Employment opportunities,

-Electricity,

-The GROWTH OF INDUSTRIAL AREAS can INCREASE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMEMT,

- As industries develop, more people move to urban areas to work in factories- there are more jobs and better wages in urban areas.

-Industries sell goods on the international market (manufactured goods make greater profits than unprocessed goods- farming goods)

- CONFLICT OR WAR

-NATURAL DISASTERS- FLOODS OR EARTHQUAKES- DESTROYING LAND THAT PEOPPLE CAN'T AFFORD TO REPAIR.

-MECHANISATION OF FARMING EQUITMENT- THERE ARE FEWER JOBS BECAUSE FARMS REQUIRE FEWER WORKERS.

-UNPRODUCTIVE LAND- DESERTIFICATION.

-More jobs in urban areas,

-Access to better health care and education,

-To join family members in urban areas

-To get a better quality of life,

- Over a population of 10 million,

-Tends to be South of the continent it is in.

-Clustered towards the East of the map.

-Bound to grow in the future as there's more facilities and jobs.                                                                                                          

- Workers have a contract,

- Regular wages,

-Workers pay tax,

-holiday and sickness benefits,

                                                 a school,

                                                 a shop,

                                                 a factory,

• Rubbish heaps,
• Air pollution from burning fuel exhausts and factories,
• Potentially sewage and toxic chemicals in rivers,
• Traffic

The Government can't afford to create enough jobs for the whole population therefore as a MULTIPLIER EFFECT, many are left unemployed so they begin to work in the INFORMAL ECONOMY.

- SHOE CLEANING- OWN BUINESSES,

- WORKERS DON'T PAY TAX- schools suffer

- NO CONTRACT,

-IRREGULAR PAYMENTS leading to FAMILIES NOT BEING ABLE TO AFFORD THINGS resulting in CHILDREN DROPPING OUT OF SCHOOL TO EARN MONEY then CHILDREN GET NO EDUCATION then THEY ARE FORCED INTO WORKING IN THE INFORMAL ECONOMY.

 -High levels of unemployment and crime.

- Many people who move end up in squatter settlemen- faveils/slums because they can't afford proper housing, squatter settlements are illegally built.

-Many don't have access to basic services- clean water, electricity or proper sewers.

-Lack of medical care and unclean conditions= people have poor health,

-May not have access to education so people end up underemployed ( working ong hours for little pay)

• Located to the West of India,
• Latitude of approximately 20°N,
• Longitude of appromimately 72°E,
• East of the Arabien Sea,

-AREAS OF WEALTH- 28 STOREY BUILDING WORTH £2 BILLION 

-AN IMPORTANT INDIAN ECONOMOIC HUB CONTRIBUTING TO 10% OF ALL FACTORY EMPLOYMENT AND 40% OF FOREIGN TRADE,

-HOME TO OFFICIES OF GLOBAL BRANDS,

-SPECIALISED TECHNICAL AREAS.

-MANY POG INDIA'S TNCS BASED HERE.

-CENTRE OF HINDI MOVIE INDUSTRY.

-Mumbai has over 1,000 primary and secondary schools,

- Literacy rates are 89.7%, even in slums it is an estimated 69%,

- Home to India's best transport system,

- Most people have electiricity to water and electricity,

- Has formal work ( government),

- Factory employment opportunities,

-Asia's second largest slum,

-People end up here when they;ve migrated from a rural area to Mumbai but they can't afford a proper house.

-Holds up to 1,000 people in only 4% of the land.

-In the centre of Mumbai.

- "The Acorn Foundation"- an organisation set up to sort waste out in the slums.

-because Dhabavi has gotten so much film attention, more money is brought in,

-"pipeline projects"- people have been moved to other parts of India and were placed in flats, pipelines have been cleaned up (to protect water from contamination),

-resisdents given land so that their homes aren't illegally built, meaning the Government can't take it away from them,

-self help schemes reduce the amount of crime because everyone knows each other.

-Sewage out on the streets,

-1/3rd of the population victims to crime,

-The Government can't afford to create enough jobs,

-Overcrowding,

-Rationned Water,

-Crammed public transport,

-Lack of basic sanitation (1 toliet per 1,000 people),

-Many people live in faveils due to not being able to afford proper housing.

- Water pipes run close to sewage lines causing contaminated water,

- Air pollution from cars,sewage, waste and emissions from factories,

-Rubbish frequently left in streets - rats and vermin.

-Levels of PM10 leading to diseases,

• slums near the rail lines cleared and residents moved to new housing with proper drains, beds so people don't have to sleep on the floor, water supply,
• new appartments made of solid materials,
• small shops and businesses so it's easier to earn money,
• infections have falled because there's proper drainage,
• children can attend school more now because there's proper drainage meaning less like spread of infection,

-300 community blocks with 5100 single toilets in,

-before it was 1 toilet per 1,000 people,

• a way of developing informal slums into permanent residential areas,
• Families given land and money to improve their housing,
• The local community are involved in designing the new layout of the area, meaning communities are kept together,

10,000 slum dwellers have gotten new or upgraded electricity connections,

Before, many slums relied of bottled gas for cooking and heating, this was dangerous and expensive as the fumes could create health problems.

The Global Partnership on Output Based Aid (GPOBA) have come up with a potential sollution to tackle these problems.