unstable plate margins

Causes

• Japan boards 3 plate margins, these are, Phillippines, Paciffic, Eurasia

Effects

• 200,000 buildings
• 6000 deaths
• power cut
• 300 fires
• £120 billion

Management

• Many jobs created in constrution
• more wide open spaces
• wider roads
• stronger fire-resistence buildings
• built on solid ground
• more monitoring equitment

Methods of control

• Italian army used dynamite to cause rocks to fall and block the lava
• US army dropped 2 tonne of concrete blocks into the path of the lava
• Concrete blocks were slid down a steel chute into the path of the lava#
• earth dams help back some of the flow whilist the rest was eventally diverted into a large artifical channel dug near the village where is cooled

Effects

• Ash plumes, covered much of montserrat
• people evacuted
• 23 people died
• 150 houses destroyed
• people living in temporary shelters
• 4000 peole evacuted fomr captital plymouth
• 50% of the people moved to Antigua, Guadeloupe and britain

Management

• Delclared the north of the Island a safe zone
• British Government gave refugees, £24,000, food, accommodation, British Citizenship, healthcare
• £41 million as aid to Montserrat to develope the norht of the Island

Conditions

• Over oceans
• Temperature over 27C
• water heated to a depth of several metres
• Close to the East Coastr of continents
• Last summer or early Autumn, when sea temperatures are at their hightest

Causes of tropical storms

• Air on surface of ocean is heated (full of moisture)
• Hot, humid air rises, cools and condenses, clouds form
• Rising air creates low pressure, air rushes in to fill the gap left by rsing air
• Rotation of the earth means winds do not blow straight, winds circle towards the centre
• The storm continues to feed itself
• whole system moves westwards towards lands
• when the system crosses the land it losses its source of heat and moisture. The tropical storm losses its energy and dies out

• South east USA late August 2005
• $300 million worth of damage
• winds 200 km per hour
• killed 1,500
• levees and protecfive embankments were broken
• 80% of new Orleans city flooded with depths up to 6 metres

Constuctive plate- mid altantic ridge, Iceland

Destructive margin- Nazca plate and american plate forming the Andes mountains

Collision plate margins- Indian plate collided with the eurasian form Himalayas

Conservative margins- San andas fault line

How are we predict future earthquakes?

• Sensitive instruments measuring seismic waves and tidal fluctuation
• China, they observe animals and fishes behaviour
• Tokyo, map earthquakes, if it been many years pressure will be building up so are more likely to have earthquake here