Unit 1
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- Created by: Jenny Davies
- Created on: 24-09-13 21:38
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells are in the human body and plants
They have:
- A nucleus
- Functionally compartmentalised organelles
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The Nucleus and Nucleolus
The Nucleus
- Contains the genome: Code that describes what protein factors to produce in the cell
- Surrounded by a double membrane- Nuclear envelope
- Biomolecules pass in and out of the nucleus by nuclear pores in the membrane
The Nucleolus
- Structure within the nucleus
- Region in the organelle dedicated to building ribosomes (protein builders)
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Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER:
- A highly folded membranous structure with the cystolic face littered with ribosomes
- It is a folded double membrane extending from the nuclear envelope
- It is a site of protein synthesis
Smooth ER:
- Folded membranous extention of the nuclear envelope without ribosomes
- A site for triglyceride and steroid synthesis
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Ribosome
- A large multimeric macromolecular protein: RNA complex
- Dedicated to protein synthesis
- Messenger RNA (a copy of the DNA gene) passes through the protein complex which scans the RNA and produces protein
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Mitochondria
- A double membranous, bacterium like organelle that has a highly folded inner membrane
- Mitochondria enable the cell to respire aerobially
- Uses the energy from the breakdown of food biomolecules in order to respire
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Golgi Apparatus and Vesticles
Golgi Apparatus
- A folded membranous network that buds off from the endoplasmic reticulum
- Involved in protein processing and sorting- Biomolecular tags may be added to some proteins
- Proteins are sorted either for export from the cell or transport within the cell
- The proteins are released from the golgi apparatus in vesticles to be exported
Vesticles
- Membrane sacs that contain proteins destined for export from the cell
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Plasma Membrane
- A lipid bilayer that envelopes the cytoplasm
- It seperates the cell from the outside environment
- It regulates the influx and efflux of chemical species
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(Cellulose) Cell Wall
- Complex bundle of cellulose biopolymer: beta-glucose chains
- They provide structural support and flexibility to the cell
- Only found in plant cells
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Chloroplasts
- Photosynthetic centres in plant cells only
- Double membrane with a highly folded internal network of membranes- the thylakois space
- Rich in photosynthetic proteins- proteins which capture light and use it to drive the synthesis of carbohydrates
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Vacuole
- A membrane sac of biomolecules
- Storage for nutrients and waste products
- Act similarly to lysosomes
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Cytoskeleton
- Collection of highly dynamic proteins that can assemble and disassemble enabling the cell to morph into different shapes
- It is involved in the transport of cellular cargo around the cell as the protein chains act like a highway
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Cytoplasm
- Consists of the cytosol (an aqueous gel) and all the biomolecules and chemicals involved in cellular activity.
- The organelles are suspended within the cytosol
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Lysosomes
- Membrane sacs containing degradative enzymes
- Involved in digesting defective proteins that are no longer required
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