Treatment & Punishment of Crime

Caldwell > advantages;

• Economical
• Source of income for state
• Keeps offender out of prison (which is costly and criminogenic)

Disadvantages;

• Others can pay > moot
• May be seen as an 'operating cost' 

Feldman > fines more effective for 1st timers and considerable no. of recidivists

• 'Community penalty'
• Suspended sentence/community order & meet w/ probation officer
• To keep tabs on offenders and keep them on track

Advantages;

• Can still care for their family
• Stays out of prison
• Less costly

Lloyd et al > no difference in reconviction rates

Four functions;

• Incapacitation
• Rehabilitation
• Punishment & deterrance

Is it a deterrent?

• No- High re-offending rates
• But - Threat does stop crime in the first place

Lloyd > no more effective than other methods

Glaser > community supervision for 1st timers more effective, particularly those w/ good jobs, relationships etc

However found to be effective for habitual offenders

Depends on characteristics of offender, not type of punishment

• Behaviour modification programme
• Treatment works to modify behaviour

Research suggests TE has a direct short-term effect on specific behaviours, e.g. Hobbs & Holt found sig. increase in target beh. > only used juvenile offenders 

Will TE work on adult offenders? 

• Ayllon & Millamn say yes, but will last beyond prison? 
• Rice et al failed to find any benefit to TE
• Could TE just be a means of control w/in prisons?
• Ethics of TW > prisons tend to use punishment over reward

• Can be used both inside and outside prison
• Based on belief anger causes crime
• Anger must be controlled therefore
• Used increasingly in prisons

Limited research however & has been conflicting;

Law - 1/8 people completed anger management showed any improvement

Hunter - reported improvements in several areas

Suggests is a promising therapy, if unproven