Transport, it's management, development of intergrated, efficient and sustainable systems.

• Increased car ownership, most concentrated in developing countries. As a result traffic has increased. Reasons for this increase:

1- Large urban working population-sub/counter urbanisation= increased number of journies

2- Growth of Urban incomes- more people are buying cars- UK more than 30% own 2 or more cars.

3- Economic growth- increased retailing and other consumer services has led to more service lorries and white vans on urban roads, freight traffic likely to increase as e-commerce continues to grow.

4- Growth in number of journies- furher distances being travveled- work and leisure.

1- AVOID- traffic to avoid areas which are experiencing congestion/ other issues

• Vechile registration quotas- Mexico city 'Hoy No Circula'
• Congestion charges- London started in 2003, 2007- £8
• Emission-based road use charges- Germany
• Mixed-use public transport development - Curitiba
• Bus lanes with priority & junctions- Finchly Road

2- SHIFT- used to get people to stop using private cars and use alternative systems.

• Public bike scheme- Boris' Bikes
• Rail based mass transit- Tokyo
• Pedestrianistion, cycle networks- Copenhagen
• Bus transity- Curitiba

3- IMPROVE- improve efficientcy of all forms of transport

• Fuel efficiecy regulations- EU
• Electric bicycles
• Hybrid cars, electric cars

1- SOFT MEASURES

• Any system that helps people choose to reduce car usage and makes alternative prospects more attactive- programmes which do not require large scale construction
• Leeds City council- set targets for Greenbely businesses as part of reginal spatial stratergy- car share schemes and cycle to work schemes. Public transport info improved an made widely avaliable. Schemes like 'Go car' set up- hybrid cars to rent fr one-off long distance journies.

2- HARD MEASURES

• Systems which are designed to alleviate traffic porblems and usually encompass large scale engineering
• Would include- altering the road network to allow for segregated bus lanes

• Described as '1st green capital of Europe,' particularly the Hammarby district.

MEASURES INTRODUCED:

• Segegated tram system, means that traffic conditions on main roads does not affect/ delay trams, leading to more efficient and fast ssem of tranport- more people incentivized to use tram system due to short journies times
• Transport system is intergrated, all modes of transport require only one ticket, all run by same company- 'SL'
• Public buses run on Ethanol- reduces emissions and makes system sustainable and cheap
• Electrical vechiles well catered for, 100 charging locations offering total of 140 chargin points.
• 209- project began to build new cycel road and 6 new cycle lanes, improve exising lanes
• 'Envac' waste disposale system has had effect of reducing waste disposal traffic by 60% in city
• Since 1990- has reduced CO2 emmissions by 20% per capita - figure is now half UK national average.

• 2000-2008- 40% of journies walked, cycled or used Public transport

MEASURES:

• Integrated- Intergrated PT with walking and cycle routes
• Light railway- every 7.5 minutes, intergrated with 26 bus lanes, in walking distance of 65% of residents (efficent)
• Efficient- One ticket system throughout
• 65% live in catchment area of train
• 9000 places to park car- park and ride schemes
• 120 one way streets- bikes allowed in both directions.
• Sustainable- 500km of cycle routes
• extensive areas of pedestrianisation
• Needs little financial input, passenger fares pay 90% of cost
• 1982-2007- car journies feel 38% to 32%, 68% of journies on foot, bike or PT
• 1992-2005= CO2 emmissions per capita fell by 13%

Intergrated- 'intergrated tranport netweok#' bus lanes interconnected through 20 terminals

• Articulated buses- carry 3000 people per day

Efficient

• Bus at one of the stops every 90 seconds
• Stop at cylindrical clear walled stations, with turnstiles, steps and wheelchair lifts
• x-large doors, ramps-- same level bus boading - Bus only at sop for 15-19 seconds
• Transports 2.6 million every day. used by 70% of city's people.
• Articulated buses reduce travel time by 1/3

Sustainable

• Alternative fuels- less pollution, uses 30% less fuel per person than 8 other Brazilian cities of same size
• ''Green exchange;;- ecnourages low-income families to seperate their rubbish in exchange for products (food, bus tickets)- surplus food does not got o waste and encourages use of buses.