Tourism

Domestic tourism: people going on holiday in their own country (4 or 5 times greater than international tourism)

Top 6 tourist destination countries=

• France, Spain, USA, China, Italy, UK

Social and economic factors:

• People have better pensions, can afford more trips in retirement
• Twice as much family income, most families have 2 working parents (no sexism) rather than one
• Since 1950's people become wealthier
• People have more lesuire time (holiday leave increased to 6 weeks)
• Income larger, as is disposable income (amount left after housing, bills)

Development of Technology

• Takes 24 hours to reach countries on other side of the world
• Jumbo Jets can carry people faster and further at a small cost. Introduced in 1971.
• Development of internet, quick easy online booking
• The Channel Tunnel, means can be in France in half an hour
• Nation wide Motorway, means can drive across UK in 12 hours.
• Built airport in Cairns, made world famous city

Changes in society:

• More households use cars 1971 = 31%....2000 = 72%
• Increase in diversity of type of tourism (eco-tourism, extreme and space)
• People have fewer children = holiday less expensive.

Political/ legal

• Tourism developed government in poor and rich countries providing employment, earning foreign currency.

• Provide jobs for locals (waiters, tour guides) benefits the working population
• Foreign currency is essential in foreign exchange, allows country to buy goods and services
• Tax visitors help to pay for water supply, electricity and roads
• Small businesses can serve tourists themselves, includes bars and taxi's

Disadvantages tourism can provide:

• country becomes overpopulated
• prices of products and houses increase, local people can't afford
• character of area, would change due to tourist development
• enviornmental damage due to development/activities
• tourist numbers may fluctuate/ cause problems

Terrorism = 9/11 world Trade centre

Exchange rates = eurozone more expensive, due to poor exchange rates

Banking crisis = government policy of pay freezes and higher taxation, means less money to spend on luxury items.

Top region for domestic holidays = The Heart of England

• easy to access to everywhere
• home to the peak district

Domestic tourism, grew in the 1950's and 60's, due to higher pay and more time off work

• UK seaside holidays peeked in the mid 1970's with 40 million visitors annually.
• Britain's seaside resorts then declined as package holidays abroad became popular and affordable.
• Small costal hotels had to house the homeless in 1980, decreasing their reputation
• UK economy earns £80 billion every year from tourism and leisure.
• 27.7 million overseas visitors spend £13 billion of this sum
• Between September 2004 and December 2005, 100 hotels were opened creating jobs and income
• London Eye, most visited paying attraction, has 3.7 million visitors a year

• Stonehenge = historic site
• Lake district = national park
• Thorpe park = theme park
• London = historic city
• Tenby = coastal resort
• Newquay = coastal resort
• Peak District = national park
• Blackpool = coastal resort

Model says when: "any tourist resort starts small scale, develops into something more significant, then either goes into decline or make changes."

Exploration:

• small number of visitors attracted by something (beaches, historic, landscape)
• Local people haven't developed tourist services

Involvement:

• Local people see oppurtunities and start providing accomodation, food, transport etc for visitors

Development:

• Large companies build hotels, lesiure complexes and advertise package holidays
• Tourist numbers rise dramatically
• Jobs for local people grow.

Consolidation:

• Tourism not part of the local economy
• Numbers of visitors steadily make employment secure
• Some hotels and facilities become older, unattractive, tourist decrease

Stagnation:

• Resort becomes unfashionable, numbers of visitors start to decline
• Buisnesses changes hands and often fails

Decline or rejuvenation:

• Decline: visitors prefer other resorts.
• Days trips and weekenders main source of income
• Rejuvenation: attempts made to modernise resort and attract different people with new activities

= large areas of mainly rural land, where development is limited by law, and the landscape is regarded as being 'rural' and 'preservable'.

• England's parks cover 7% of it's land area. Wales cover 20%
• Globally there are 6,000 National Parks
• First was Peak District of Derbyshire, created in 1951
• Land remains privately owned (by famers, Foresty Commission, National Trust)
  

Aim: To conserve natural and cultural landscapes while allowing access for visitors to enjoy them

Examples:

• Lake District (upland)                           Honeypot site =
  
• Peak District                            loaction attracting large numbers
  
• Snowdonia (upland)                   of tourists, who place pressure
  
• Pembrokeshire (lowland)          on the environment and residents
  
• Norfolk broads (lowland)
  

= large numbers of tourists coming to one destination, because of location (skiing, beaches)

Advantages:

• Brings jobs and reliable wages (unlike farming)
• Allows for new infrastructure (airports, hotels, power supplies)
• Allows for new lesiure facilities

Disadvantages:

• Activity may be seasonal (will have to have different jobs)
• Package holidays don't benefit locals
• Few local people are well paid
• Infrastructure needs land, locals have to sell land, local food production decreases
  

Involves dangerous landscape, with difficult climate and is sparsely populated

Want a thrill = rock climbing, white-water rafting

Paragliding done on South Downs Sussex

Include = mountains, deserts, rainforests

Involves risk

Target market often 30 years old, as they have a good income to pay for the expensive trip.

= enviornmentally friendly tourism

Stewardship = personal responsibility for looking after things (environment) development is planned sustainably

Conservation = stewardship on a smaller scale, careful and planned resources, to manage and maintain the natural environment for future generations. (people feel more involved)

Ecotourism......caters for a small but growing niche market of environmentally aware tourists

• For those who want to experience the natural environment (trekking, bird-watching)
  
• Eat local food, stay in basic lodging, use local guides.
• High pricing
  

• Small state, one of the United Arab Emirates
• Located on the Arabian Coast neighbouring Saudi Arabia
• Easily accesible from Europe, Asia, Africa.

• Hotel revenue up by 22% in the first quarter of 2008 compared to the same time last year
• 2.8 million people visited in 2000. 5.4 million in 2004
• Famous for duty free shopping and shopping malls (prices are reasonable)
• Sightseeing is popular - market, zoo. dhow building yards
  
• Watersports = diving popular
• Excursions to see wildlife and desert