Tourism

• More advertising on TV/internet
• Package holidays-cheap and easy with a huge choice of destinations
• Low cost airlines like Jet2 (due to competition and fuel efficiency)
• Internet price comparison sites make it cheaper
• Internet booking sites are quick and easy
• Higher disposable income and longer paid holidays
• Higher car ownership makes travelling to UK or Western Europe locations cheaper and easier

• More advertising and people have a better understanding of the world and are more ambitious
• More attractions, resorts, airports and flights around the world
• Affordable long haul flights due to more fuel efficient engines
• Specialist tour companies on the internet make unique, adventurous and extreme tourism easier
• Internet booking sites are quick and easy
• Higher disposable income
• Longer paid holidays to travel further away

Money left after bills to be spent on enjoying yourself

Destinations under 3 hour flight

Destinations over 3 hour flight

Human attractions

• Venice- galleries and museums along with the gondalas on the canals
• Rome- 'The Colosseum' and roman ruins. The fountains such as the 'Fountain of Trevi'
• Italian cuisine- pizza and pasta/coffee
• Alps- skiing, snowboarding and mountain biking
• Pompeii-Roman ruins destroyed by vesuvius
• Physical attractions
• Alps-mountain scenery
• Lake Como and Lake Garda
• Vesuvius volcano crater tours
• Hot and sunny weather and sandy beaches in southern Italy (Sicily)
• Amalfi coast-beautiful coastline (physical)  and villages and towns such as Amalfi clinging to the side of the cliff (human)

• Stage 1-Exploration- Small number of tourists attracted bt something special e.g. a beach, historical or cultural features, attractive landscape
• Stage 2-Involvement-Visitor numbers increase as locals see the opportunities to provide food, accomodation, transport and make money from tourism
• Stage 3-Development- Dramatic rise in visitor numbers. Large companies build hotels and leisure complexes and advertise package holidays to make large profits. Lots of job opportunities for locals but problems created
• Stage 4-Consolidation- Increase in tourism slows down. Tourism is now a major part of the economy. Some hotels and facilities are becoming older and unattractive so type of customers goes down market (low cost destination). Problems associated with mass tourism such as litter and rowdiness becomes a problem.
• Stage 5-Stagnation- The resort becomes unfashionable.Tourist numbers begin to fall. Businesses change hands and start to fail
• Stage 6-Decline or rejuvination
• Decline-Tourism numbers continue to fall. Visitors prefer other destinations. Mist visitors are day trippers/weekenders.Rejuvination-Tourism numbers begin to increase as attempts are made to modernise the resort and attract different people to enjoy different activities.

• Blackpool is currently in the rejuvination stage (6)
• It started as a coastal location with a wide sandy beach and first became an attraction to tourists who belived bathing in the sea could cure disease
• Large attractions such as the pleasure beach and Blackpool Tower were built and tourism numbers rose to 17 million in the 1950's and 1960's
• The resort became tacky and outdated and the introduction of cheap air travel led to many flying to Mediteranian resorts such as Benidorm. This led to stagnation and then decline of Blackpool in the 1980's and 1990's in particular
• Blackpool is currently rejuvinating

• Tourist numbers are increasing again from 11 to 13 million following a decline
• £300 million rejuvenation project launched in 2000
• New attractions in the Pleasure Beach will attract more people 
• The redevelopment of the Palace Ballroom and hosting of Strictly Come Dancing shows attract more tourists
• Annual hosts of the World Firework Championship
• New promenade to walk along the coast and new trams as an efficient and popular transport

• Since 1970's oil was Dubai's main industry but oil is running out and it is predicted that in the next 30 years Dubai will have no oil left to sell
• It is now trying to use tourism which can lead to more sustainable ecenomic development
• Thousands of new jobs are created cleaners,receptionists in hotels. Waiters and chefs in restaurants. Activity jobs such as scuba diving instructors and lifeguards in the water parks
• Tourists often pay for things in foreign currency (US dollars) which is worth more than the local currency (Dirham)
• Tourists are taxed highly and these taxes can be used to improve transport, infrastructure and facilities for locals
• Fishermen can sell more fish to the new hotels and restaurants catering for the tourists
• There are new business opportunities for locals catering to tourists like scuba diving and boat rental
• Local businesses are used to build new hotels and tourist attractions. Dubai is the fastest growing city in the world

People outside of the tourism industry also gain economically from the increase in tourism e.g. builders, taxi drivers and fishermen.

Tourism on a large scale to one country or region. This relates to the development and consolidation phases of the Butler tourism model.

• Jamaica has mass tourism because many people visit every year (1.9 million stopover tourists in 2011). It is hot and sunny (25°C) all year round. People visit for the beaches such as Montego Bay, deep sea fishing at Port Antonio, caves at Cockpit County, golf courses such as next to Kingston and water sports in Montego Bay. Montego Bay also has beautiful, biodiverse coral reefs that are ideal for scuba diving and you can swim with dolphins. In the far north of the island is the beautiful Dunn River Falls in Ocho Rios. More cultural activities include various historic plantation houses such as at Port Maria and there are environmental tourist attractions such as bird sanctuaries and Botanic Gardens inland from Montego Bay. The National Park in the Blue Mountains is also an ideal place for hiking with stunning views. The centre of the island is lush tropical forest with unique plants and animals and beautiful lakes and waterfalls. Kingston, the capital is a cultural centre with great Caribbean food, architecture and culture. The city has a museum for the most famous Caribbean musician, Bob Marley and is a centre for reggae music.

•  Tourism brings in money to Jamaica – 20% of its GDP – this money can be spent on essential services such as health care and education which can boost the overall level of development. This does have a downside however, as Jamaica is dependent upon this income and if tourist numbers fall the economy would be affected.
•  220,000 Jamaicans work in tourism – it is a vital employer. People work in a wide range of jobs, from the construction of hotels and tourist facilities, to service work cleaning, working in bars, caddying on golf courses amongst other jobs.
• Tourism benefits many sections of the economy as people spend money in bars, restaurants, and other local businesses such as builders and fishermen, so tourism has a positive multiplier effect.

• Many of the jobs created are seasonal, so people can become unemployed in the low season when there are fewer tourists.
• Large TNCs (Trans National Companies) such as Thomas Cook organise the holidays and make most of the money, so the profits go out of Jamaica and into MEDCs *
• Local employees given the low skill, poorly paid jobs, whereas managers from other countries tend to earn more.
• There is cultural pollution/dilution; Jamaica has a problem with sex tourism and a problem with drugs.
• Land for the massive hotels takes away land from famers. Water use also increases for drinking water, washing and recreation, taking water from local people.
• Local people cannot afford the facilities put in place for the tourists.
• Environmental problems such as noise, air, and water and litter pollution can be a problem.

 Locations with particularly difficult environments where the development of tourism had only recently occurred due to a niche market demand for somewhere different with physical challenges.

• Media (TV programmes) and advertising: people are more aware of extreme environments. * People have longer paid holidays.
• Air travel is cheaper due to more efficient engines, and can be booked more easily over the internet.
• There has been a trend adventure tourism / thrill seeking / desire for challenge. * People have more disposable income.
• The threat of climate change and environmental issues means some tourists want to go to locations before they change.
• As the ice retreats more routes into Antarctica are opened up, allowing greater access for cruise ships.

• A major concern is that a large cruise ship carrying thousands of passengers will run into trouble in these ice-clogged, storm-prone and poorly charted waters, creating an environmentally disastrous oil spill. In November 2007 there was a major oil spillage with the holing and subsequent sinking by an iceberg of the M/V Explorer in the Bransfield Strait.
• There are fears that habitats will be trampled and that tourists will introduce exotic species and microbes that could change the ecosystems and even lead to diseases. *
• Litter from tourists can spoil the untouched environment and kill animals by choking them when they try to eat it. It can take thousands of years to decompose in the cold environment.
• There is the worry that tourists will scare animals such as penguins and interrupt breeding.

• The Antarctic Treaty:
• Cruise ships to Antarctica are kept small, with only 50 – 100 people on board.
• Tourist trips are often educational in nature and so only attract those who care about the environment.
• Tourists are briefed on the requirements of the Antarctic Treaty, and given instructions on health and safety, behaviour when ashore and rules regarding wildlife observation.
• They can only land at certain place and there must not be more than 20 people at one spot at a time and each must have qualified guide.
• All tour operators in the Antarctic must be officially registered.
• There are strict rules on waste disposal that both tourists and the companies have to follow.

 A honeypot site is a location attracting large numbers of tourists who, due to their numbers put pressure on the environment.

An area usually designated by laws where development (building) is limited and planning is controlled. The landscape is regarded as ‘special’ and valuable and therefore worth preserving.

Gates left open Animals escape and can be lost or run over. Farmers waste time catching them.

Farmers lose money causing conflict with tourists. Crops trampled Crops are ruined. Traffic congestion (80% of Lake District visitors arrive by car. Locals are trapped in traffic during commutes. Conflict between the locals and tourists.

Tourists buy second homes in the Lake District This pushes up house prices and means many homes in villages are uninhabited much of the year. Locals can’t afford to buy houses in their local area. Villages lose their sense of community and local services close due to lack of use.

Litter dropped by tourists Can harm animals as they choke on it. Conflict between environmentalists and tourists.

Noise pollution and antisocial behaviour from tourists (rowdy in evenings / drunken). Can keep locals awake in the evening. Conflict between locals and tourists.

Noise pollution from cars and boats on the lakes Can annoy locals and who want peace and quiet. Conflict between locals and tourists.

Conflict with farmers (crops trampled)  Fence off farmers fields  Clearly marked footpaths

Conflict with farmers (animals escaped due to gates left open)  Springs on gates so they shut automatically.

Traffic congestion and lack of parkingspaces.  Park & Ride scheme between Penrith and Keswick. More car parks hidden behind lines of trees so they don’t spoil views.

Noise pollution. Low speed limits on roads and a 10mph speed limit on Lake Windermere.

Litter. More litter bins. Designated picnic areas so that litter is focussed in smaller areas.

 Careful management of the environment on a large scale across regions, nations and even internationally. All developments are planned sustainably so the future environment is protected.

 Local schemes, often involving locals, aiming to protect the environment including important habitats and landscapes. This can be using more renewables (solar and wind power), recycling and using non renewables like wood more carefully.

Ecotourism is "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and helps local people”.

Something is sustainable if it is a long term solution helping the present but not damaging the future

• Aims: To protect the rainforest’s biodiversity and local community long term while providing an amazing experience for tourists.
• Small buildings that don't dominate the environment
• Build things on stilts or in trees
• Renewable energy like solar pannels and rainwater collection
• Grow own vegetables and fruit
• Rear your own animals for meat/milk/cheese
• Blends into the environment
• Made out of local materials wood/leaves/mud
• Must link each feature of the tourist resort to:
• Eco-friendliness: blending into the environment / not scaring animals / not interrupting breeding or hunting grounds / not producing CO2 from transport / activities.
• Sustainable: producing power/electricity using a renewable supply that will last long term / educating tourists so that they can help others to protect the rainforest long term / providing long term support for locals (tribes).