Topic 5 - Why do men commit crime?

Messerschmidt (1993) - masc social construct/'accomplishment', men have to constantly work at constructing + presenting it to others - some men more resources than others. Diff mascs co-exist:
 - hegemonic masc: dom, prestigious form, wish to accomplish
 - subordinated masc: eg gay men, no desire to accomplish hegemonic masc, w/c, some ethnic minority men

M sees crime as resources diff men may use for accomplishing masc. Diffs among youths -> diff forms rule breaking to demonstrate masc eg:
 - white m/c youths - subordinate themselves to teachers to achieve m/c status, -> accomodating masc.
 - white w/c youths - less chance of ed success, masc oppositional. Constructed around sexist attitudes - being tough, opposing teachers' authority.
 - black w/c youths - few expectations of reasonable job, use gang membership + violence to express masc.

In danger of circular argumen - masc explains male crimes b/c committed by males.

Doesn't explain why not all men use crime to accomplish masc.

Recent decades, globalisation -> shift from modern industrial -> late modern/PM society. Loss of traditional manual jobs w/c men able to express masc through. Job opps in industry decline, expansion of service sector. Some w/c men, provided combo of legal employment, criminal opps + means of expressing masc.

Winlow (2001) study - bouncers, Sunderland, area of de-industrialisation + unemployment. Working as bouncers provided young men w/ paid work + opp for illegal business ventures (drugs etc), as well as opp to demonstrate masc through violence. 

W draws on Cloward + Ohlin's distinction b/ween conflict + criminal subcultures - modern society, conflict subculture in Sunderland. Absence of professional criminal subculture meant little opp for career in organised crime.

PM conditions, organised professional criminal subculture emerged result of illicity business opps in night economy. Ability to use violence way of displaying masc + way to earn living. Maintain rep + employability using bodily capital - seek to develop physical asses by bodybuilding - Winlow - 'looking the part'.