The UK

Internationally:

• 2nd biggest international airport in world at Heathrow. It is by far the world's largest international air 'hub'
• Eurostar brings European major cities within a few hours of travel to London

Nationally:

• UK's fastest rail services link London to other major UK cities. Manchester and Birmingham each have 3 fast services an hour
• Future travel will be quicker still thanks to HS2

Regionally:

• most major A roads and motorways lead to London, linking it with other cities. This is a radial network

• This is the oldest part of the city
• Place where most office buildings are found
• Due to London's radial roads, the CBD (it is central) is the most accessible area from all parts of London
• Because it is easily accessible, there are higher land values, so it is the most densely built area
• The CBD has expanded due to London's expanding knowledge economy
• Canary Wharf has formed a second CBD and London's 'West End' form a third CBD
• Central London's environmental quality benefits from the royal parks, however it still has the UK's worst air quality, due to high levels of traffic

• In the Industrial Revolution, factories and densely packed terrace housing were built close to the centre. A few high-income suburbs also developed, whose population wanted to be close to the city
• The inner suburbs are varied i.e. 1km west of the West End is Kensington, which is one of the world's most expensive suburbs, and 1km east from the City is Hackney, an area of older factories and newer flats which are replacing them
• These suburbs are all changing rapidly
• They're close to the centre, so large older houses have been made into flats to rent
• Environmental quality varies between areas that are run-down, but changing (like Hackney) and smarter areas like Notting Hill

• On the outskirts of London, near to Epping Forest, is Loughton. This is where the city meets the countryside
• Almost every house has a gardern, so building density is much lower
• There is a little bit of industry on the edge, but it is mostly residential
• Environmental quality is higher as there is less traffic and more greenery
• It is also right near to Epping Forest so this also helps environmental quality

• Most migrants are working age between 21-35 and internal migration consists mostly of recent graduates from UK universities in search of jobs and a good lifestyle
• Many skilled workers take up well-paid jobs in the knowledge economy in the City. Companies in London appoint migrants from overseas with particular skills as there aren't enough skilled workers in the UK. Most of these migrants tend to be white, highly qualified professionals from the EU, USA, South Africa and Australia.
• Unskilled workers can find work easily too as many do jobs unwanted by UK workers (e.g. refuse collectors), or those with unsocial hours (e.g. pizza delivery). Many of these come from the EU, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and increasingly West Africa

• Most migrants who recently moved are in need of cheap rented accomodation. They aren't eligible for social housing and so take private rented property in inner city areas. 
• Often, clusters of particular ethnic communities develop
• The reason why they do this is because it protects them from discrimination, means that they can support ethnic shops and services and can preserve cultural distinctiveness.

• In 2012, over 2 million people in London lived in poverty, which is over 28% of its population
• 1 millon of the UK's poorest people and 1 million of the UK's wealthiest people live in London

Newham:

• Incomes low so there are greater numbers of children on free school meals
• The health in Newham is worse than in Richmond, especially people with a limiting illness. Ill health limits people's ability to work and earn.

Richmond:

• Far higher income than Newham; average household incomes are twice as great than Newham
• Higher percentage of people with degree qualifications, so they can gain employment with greater incomes

In both areas, the amount of 19 year olds without qualifications is high, but Newham has improving schools with the grades almost equalling schools in Richmond.

• Has increased over the last 60 years
• People have been leaving the inner suburbs to go to outer suburbs
• Many left London altogether; the city lost 1.5 million people between 1951-1981
• Suburban growth became possible because of improved transport links.
• The underground opened in 1863, and by 1930, it was established. Suurban office workers could be in the City in 30 minutes
• The electrification of surface rail in the 1920s made travel beyond London faster. Commuters in Guildford, 50km away, could be in London in 30 minutes

• When London's docks closed in 1981, the riverside area between between Tower Bridge and the Thames Estuary was left derelict
• Industries relying heavily on the port moved away along with the docks and nearby, in London's biggest manafacturing area, Lea Valley, a lot of industries closed. 
• These closures impacted communities massively as parts of east London had unemployment rates of 60% and the area then suffered depopulation as people left in search of work.
• Between 1971 and 1981, inner London boroughs lost over 500,000 people, which was 16% of the city's population. 
• Most of these people who moved were from areas closest to the docks and Lea Valley

• As people moved to suburbs, people spent their money their instead of in London.
• Shopping habits began to change as people shopped by car, not by train.
• This caused decentralisation, where the balance of shopping activity and employment is moved away from the CBD
• Out of town shopping centres developed with under cover shopping, which attracts customers. Larger centres developed even further out, close to the M25 aswell. These shopping centres have large parking areas.
• Retail parks are built away from suburban shopping centres, but close to major roads
• Business parks were also built, which are areas of employment, usually close to major roads aswell so that it is easily accessible by car for employees
• E-commerce (online shopping) has also decentralised shopping further as you can get a product from anywhere in the country1