The English Reformation

WHY?

• Henry believes it is a punishment from God for marrying his brother's wife that he has no son, therfore he wants an Annulment (calling the marriage void) so that he can divorce Katherine and marry Anne.

WHAT'S THE PROBLEM?

• Katherine is Charles V's newphew, who has control over the Pope, therefore he refuses.

WHO IS BLAMED AND FALLS FROM POWER?

• Wolsey

LONG-TERM IMPLICATIONS?

• Nature of relations between the church, state and parliamant changes

IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCES?

• Thomas Cromwell take charge as new chief minister
• Parliament passes the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates (which stops payments to Rome)
• Submission of the Clergy to Henry 

WHAT HAPPENED IN 1533 TO SPEED UP THE PROCESS, AND WHAT FURTHER CHANGES WERE MADE?

• Anne was pregnant and the child could become illegitimate.
• The Act in Restraint of Appeals would keep the church court cases in Englandd, and when it was passed in statuate law it insured that Henry had imperial kingship.
• Because Parliament represented the realm of England, they could argue that they had the support of the people to pass the Supremacy Act.

WHAT?

• Henry is the head of the English Church under English Law.
• It ensured that all subjects had an obediance to Henry alone - not the Pope as well.

WHY WAS IT'S EFFECTS SEEN AS LIMITED?

• It was seen as having minimal effect due to the fact that Henry had effectively been supreme already with the Submission of the Clegy and the Act in Restraitn fo Appeals.

WHAT ACT FOLLOWED THIS ONE?

• The Act of Succession (1534) which declared Katehrien invalid, and disinherits Mary.

WHY WAS THE ACT ARGUABLY IMPORTANT?

• Due to it's passing by an Act of Parliament into staute law, people who disobeyed could be punished. If this was simply a proclamation, it was have a lesser status and could be ignored.

WHAT WAS THE TREASON ACT?

• An act which meant that speaking out against the King was now an act of treason

WHAT CHALLENGES DID THE ACT INADVERTENTLY CAUSE FOR FUTURE MONARCHS?

• It significantly enhanced the authority of parliament and meant that if other rulers wanted to alter or reverse the acts they woudl need to call parliament to do so and everytime parliament was called its confidence and influence grew.

THE ACT CHANGED CHURCH AND STATE RELATIONS BY MAKING HENRY THE SOLE AUTHORITY, HOWEVER, HOW DID HE TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THIS?

• Appointed Cromwell as Vicegerent in Spirituals (deputy in spiritual matters) and coudl enforce Henry's wishes without beign a clergyman himself.
• Benefit of the clergy and sanctuary are abolished.

WHAT BEGAN IN 1535?

• Commisioners are sent out to investigate the finanical, moral and spiritual significance of monasteries. 

WHAT DID THE ACT OF PARLIAMENT IN 1536 MEAN?

• Monastries with an income less than £200 per annum are dissolved.

WHAT DID THE 1536 ACT OF PARLIAMENT LEAD TO?

• The Pilgrimage of Grace

WHEN DID THE DISSOLUTION FINISH AND WHAT WAS THE EFFECTS?

• 1540
• Land was given the Crown and Henry earns £1.3 million by selling the estates to nobility (eg: Cecil) which meant they had an economic interest in the safety of the lands and the reformation.

• 10 Articles (1536) --> definitive doctrine of the C.Of.E (Eucharist left ambiguous, sacraments for salvation of soul goes to 3)
• 2 sets of Injunctions (1536-38) --> discourage superstituous practices (pilgrimages and clergy)
• Act of 6 Articles (1539) --> reinforced Catholic doctrines such as transubstantiation and priest celibacy.

HENRY RELEASES ONE DOCTRINE AFTER CROMWELL'S DEATH, WHICH WAS IN 1543 THE KING'S BOOK WHICH REINFORCED TRADITIONAL PRACTICES SUCH AS MASS AFTER DEATH.

• Staunchly protestant (reformer ideas)
• Most religious change in short period oftime (by 1549 liturgy and appearance had changed forever after the "Book of Common Prayer" by Thomas Cranmer was released)

ACTS

• 1549 Act of Uniformity introduces the compulsary in service "Book of Common Prayer" (1549)
• This is followed by the 1552 "Second Prayer Book"
• Changes to the 42 Articles --> Wooden tables, no real prescence, plain vestments for clergy

Hoped for a popular and spontaneous return to Catholicism (underestimated Protestants)

• 1554: Wyatt rebels --> responded by taking a cautious approach
• This meant an agreement with the Crown and Papacy (to not return former church lands)
• Therefore she failed in returning Catholicism.

Replaced the 1534 Supremacy with the 1554 Act of Parliament (had to get Parliaments approval, and allowed the protection of Mary's husband King Phillip I of Spain)