Surburbanisation

...the movement of people, services and industry from the centre of urban aresa to the periphery of the built up area

Characteristics:

• Housing - detached/semi detached with garages and large gardens on cul de sack roads
• Transport:- private car ownership with less public transport. Often ribbon development
• Industry - retail estates/small industry, distribution centres, access to road network, sports and leisure facilities
• Land Use/Environment - residential with open space and green parks

Transport and Technological Developments:

• Private car ownership
• Expansion/improvement of the road network
• Better public transport links from suburbs to the city centre (london underground)
• Communication technology - email, mobile phones, video conferencing, delivery services. All reduced the need of industry and population being located in close proximity

Push

• Crime/vandalism
• poor health/education
• unemployment - manufacturing went abroad

Pull

• greener
• cleaner
• safer
• better housing

Push

• Office boom meant higher land prices
• migration of the skilled workforce to the suburbs

Pull

• profit from selling land 
• cheaper land avaliable
• space for expansion
• easy access to transport
• More flexible, educated, non unionised, cheaper female workforce avaliable

Positive

• Less need for high-rise high density, housing in the inner city
• Industrial sites and derelict land can be cleared/improved to create recreational spaces and better communication networks
• Unsightly canals/waterways can be renovated into attractive leisure areas and wildlife reserves
• Poor quality victorian housing can be refurbished or cleared and replace by low density modern housing

Negative

• Reduction in jobs leads to lower tax revenue -> decline in public services (education/health)
• Buildings are left vacant, become rundown and are vandalised. Their appearance stops people investing in the area
• Crime increases as income levels fall
• income gaps between surburbs and inner city leads to polarisation and resentment
• fewer jobs reduces shops and servoces as well as quality of life
• less-skilled, aged, young and sick are left behind as people no longer live/work in the city centre

Positive

• increased tax revenuw means better services and facilities
• high disposable income of people living in the suburbs had led to the development of shopping centres
• old railway lines can be replaced by footpaths/cycle tracks
• increasing job opportunites in offices and shops in business and retail parks

Negative

• Valuable agricultural ladn lost to housing, road and retail/industry
• land prices increase on the city edge as demand increases
• income gap leads to polarisation and resentment
• village community atmosphere is lost and locals become a minority
• congestion on ring roads as the volume of commuter traffic incerases
• green belt comes under pressure