Subterranean values

• Method of justifying deviant ways 

1. DENIAL OF RESPONSIBILITY 

2.DENIAL OF INJURY

3.DENIAL OF VICTIM

4.CONDEMNATION OF CONDEMERS

5.APPEAL TO HIGHER LOYALTIES 

• Study of black youths in inner city Philadelphia 
• Subcultures results from desire to join rather than reject mainstream values
• Black children avidly consume US culture through TV and Media but are yet excluded economically, racially and politically
• Response is to overcompensate by identifying themselves with wider culture through high status, trade names and logo

Katz (1988)

• 'Seduction of crime'
• Males are drawn into crime as it is exciting and thrilling
• No other reasons so studying into subcultures

• Lyng (1990)
• 'Edgework'
• Looked at males aged 13-25 
• simply engaging into risky behaviours is part of everyday life 
• Males often go to the boundries and flirt with danger

• Maffesoli (1996)
• Neo tribes
• We cannot think of subcultures as simply shared values 
• Neo-tribes are more reflective of a postmodern society 
• Based of fluidity, occasional gatherings and dispersal as well as open and changing lifestyles