State Sovereignty

State sovereignty has eroded because:

• The rise of globalisation, since the 1980s, has meant that the state has decline, being replaced by 'post-sovereign governance'.
  • This is due to states becoming interconnected through trade.
  • Scholte suggested that globalisation is marked by the decline of the state as a meaningful state.
  • This is agreed by hyperglobalists, who believe that the state is now redundant and has no impact.
• Cultural globalisation has meant that borders have become more 'permeable'
  • E..g. Free movement within the EU.
  • This has been been through the growth of technologies.
  • Also through 'supraterritoriality' where social life trasscends terrutrory, through the growth of 'transborder'.
• Economic globalisation:
  • States become more interconnected through their economies.
  • Seen through regionalisation with the growth of trading blocs
  • E.g. Financial crisis-knocked on effect.

Economic sovereignty:

• It difficult to see how economic sovereignty can be reconciled in a globalised economy.
• E.g. Strange argued 'Where states were once masters of markets, it is how markets, which on many issues, are masters over governments of state.'
• E.g. Nike/Adidas can rule the economy, meaning they may be more powerful than governments- many TNCs don't have to pay corporation tax because of this.

However, state centric view that:

• States provide the legal frameworks for legal and social order.
• States also operate through the microframeworks of the G-20, WTO and IMF.

EU:

• Movements of goods, regulations, and people are all controlled by a regional entity.
• Pooled sovereignty means all members of a group are more powerful than a nation state acting alone.
• Meaning state sovereignty is no longer relevant.
• Countered by BREXIT

The state has transformed:

• Neo liberal economics has led to change in the state, since the 1980s.
• Leads to poverty and immigration
• Drives towards foreign investment and labour flexibilty.
• This could lead to change in the state due to the growth of 'competition states whereby states educate, strengthen moral fibre and attempts to become more competitive in the economic world.

Post-modern states have also changed because:

• Their identity has been altered by different cultures and the government's role, due to their pluralist nature.
• This has increased due to personal consumption and personal development.

Failed states have particularly not been able to change because:

• They cannot maintain domestic order.
• Civil war has errupted in their countries, and have a failed economy.
• E.g. Syria- civil wars have errupted their.
• Failed states have a wider globalised effect in drug smuggling, arms struggling and terrorism.
• For example:
  • Cambodia
  • Rwanda
  • Somalia, where Theresa May has recently expressed that we need to intervene and build it back up bedore it errupts.
• Failed states are unable to change because of the impact of colonialism, a lack of social elites and backward institutions.
• They also gave a lack of structure.
• E.g. Iraq, since the USA has left.

However, states have returned:

• Realists argue that the state is still significant, because of national security, protecting its state sovereignty against threats, such as terrorism.
• This has strengthened the idea of the state.
• E.g. Since 2001, the base defence budget has soared from $287 billion to $530 billion, for costs of the Iraq and Afghanisan wars.
• Although the idea of permeable borders has increased, border controls have also tightened, due to national security.
• In addition, it has been seen that for states to exist after they have been ruled by external forces, sich as Somalia, Iraq and Afghanistan, there is only so much help the external forces can offer.
• No effective govts means the state will not be effective.
• Therefore, for a state to run effectively, it requires national institutions.