Changing role of prisons--> Used to have execution. Only recently imprisonment has become a form of punishment, but as most prisoners re-offend, it may just be a way of making bad people worse.
Garland argues: crime control has become more politicised. 'Tough on crime' policies (e.g. greater use of prison) appeal to the public, however are ineffective.
Now: over 3% of adult population across USA and UK have some form of judical restriction on their liberty.
Transcarceration--> moving people between different prison-like institutions.
For example: Bought up in care home, then young offenders institution, then prison.This links to New rights fear that underclass poses a threat toward social stability.
Alternatives to prison--> community service, curfews.Cohen: cast the net of control over more people. Rather than diverting young people away from CJS, community controls may divert into it.
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