sociology Education

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  • Created by: latifat
  • Created on: 08-10-17 17:41

Anti-school subculture

Those  who reject the school’s values and try to seek status 

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Collectivism

valuing being a part of a group more than succeeding as an individual

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Colour-blind teachers

teachers who believe all pupils are equal but in practice allow racism to go unchallenged

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Compensatory education

government education policies that seek to tackle the problem of under-achievement by providing extra support and funding to schools and families in deprived areas

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Comprehensive schools

schools that are non-selective and where all children attend the same type of secondary school (introduced in 1965)

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Conformists (Sewell)

pupils who were keen to succeed, accepted the school’s values and had friends from other ethnic groups

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Correspondence theory

Bowles and Gintis’ concept describing the way that the organisation and control of schools mirrors or ‘corresponds to’ the workplace in capitalist society

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Cream-skimming

selecting higher ability students who gain the best results and cost less to teach

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Cultural capital

the knowledge, attitudes, values, language, tastes and abilities that the middle class transmit to their children

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Cultural deprivation

the theory that many working class and black children are inadequately socialised and therefore lack the ‘right’ culture needed for educational success

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Deferred gratification

making sacrifices now for greater rewards later (middle-class culture)

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Educational triage

the process whereby schools sort pupils into ‘hopeless cases’, ‘those who will pass anyway’ and ‘those with potential to pass’, and then concentrate their efforts on the last of these groups as a way to boost the school’s exam league position – sorting may be based on stereotypical ideas about pupils’ ability.

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Elaborated code

the speech code typically used by the middle class – has a wider vocabulary and is based on longer, grammatically more complex sentences

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Ethnocentric

seeing or judging things in a biased way from the viewpoint of one particular culture

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Exam league tables

a table which ranks school’s exam performance 

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External factors

factors outside the education system such as the influence of home and family, background and wider society

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Fatalism

a belief in fate – that ‘whatever will be will be’ and there is nothing you can do to change your status

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Feminisation of education

the belief that the school celebrates qualities more closely associated with girls, and has stopped nurturing ‘masculine’ traits

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Feminism

A sociological perspective and political movement that focuses on women’s oppression and the struggle to end it- See Patriarchal

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Fordism

a type of industrial production based on a detailed division of labour, using closely supervised, low-skilled workers and assembly-line technology to mass produce standardised goods

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Funding formula

a policy which provides schools with money for each pupil they take on

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Gender

The social and cultural characteristics of men and women – learned through socialisation 

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GIST

Girls Into Science and Technology – encourage girls to take up non-traditional careers in these sectors

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Globalisation

the idea that the world is becoming increasingly interconnected and barriers are disappearing

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Hidden curriculum

The things that are learnt outside the formal education system often acquired through the everyday workings of the school such as obedience, conformity and competitiveness.

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Ideological state apparatus

Maintain rule of the bourgeoisie by controlling people’s ideas, values and beliefs

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Immediate gratification

a preference for immediate pleasure or reward without regard for the longer-term consequences

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Individualism

 the belief that the individual is more important than the group or community – in modern society, actions are influenced more by calculations of their own self-interest than by a sense of obligation to others

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Innovators (Sewell)

those pupils who were pro-education but anti-school.  Only conform as far as school work was concerned

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Intellectual development

the development of thinking and reasoning skills

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Internal factors

factors within schools and the education system, such as interactions between teachers and pupils, and inequalities between schools

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Labelling

to attach a meaning or definition to a student – often based on stereotyped assumptions

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Legitimation

justifying something by making it seem fair and just. The main function of ideology

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Liberal chauvinists teachers

teachers who believed black pupils are culturally deprived and who have low expectations of them

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Life chances

the chances that different social groups have of obtaining those things society regards as desirable or suffering those things regarded as undesirable

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Marketisation

the policy of introducing market forces of supply and demand into areas run by the state.

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Material deprivation

poverty; a lack of basic necessities such as adequate diet, housing, clothing or the money to buy things. In education, the theory of material deprivation explains working-class underachievement as the result of the lack of such resources

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Meritocracy

an educational or social system where everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed where individuals’ rewards and status are achieved by their own efforts rather than ascribed by their gender, class or ethnic group

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Myth of meritocracy

functionalists argue that the education system is meritocratic, but Bowles and Gintis claim that the meritocracy is an ideology legitimating inequality by falsely claiming that everyone has equal opportunity and that unequal rewards are the ‘natural’ result of an unequal ability

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National curriculum

a standard set of core subjects that must be taught in all schools

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New vocationalism

the idea that education should be about meeting the needs of the economy by equipping them with the knowledge skills attitudes and values needed for work.

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Overt racist teacher

teachers who believe blacks are inferior and actively discriminate against them

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Parentocracy

 literally ‘rule by parents’. Associated with the marketised education systems which are based on the parental choice in schools.

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Polarisation

a process which results in the creation of two opposite extremes

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Post-Fordism

a type of industrial production. A highly skilled adaptable skilled workforce combined with technology allows the production to change to consumer demands

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Present-time orientation

seeing the present as more important than the future, so not having any long-term goals or plans

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Pro-school subculture

pupils who gained status through academic success; their values are those of the school

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Pupil subcultures

a group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns

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Racism

a system of belief that defines people as superior or inferior and justifies the unequal treatment due to biological difference such skin colour.

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Rebels (Sewell)

pupils who rejected both the goals and the rules of the school, expressing their opposition through peer group membership

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Repressive state apparatus

Maintain rule of the bourgeoisie by force or the threat of it

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Restricted code

 the speech code typically used by the w.c – limited vocab, short often unfinished grammatically simple sentences

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Retreatists (Sewell)

pupils who were disconnected from school and black subcultures

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Role allocation

where we are sifted and shorted into roles according to our ability, with the ablest gaining access to higher rewarding jobs

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Selection

the process of choosing and allocating pupils to a particular school in the tripartite system after 1944.

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

where a prediction about a person or group comes true

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Silt-shifting

off-loading pupils with learning difficulties, who are expensive to teach and get poor results

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Social class

social groupings based on differences in wealth income or occupation.

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Social control

the means by which society tries to ensure its members behave like they’re supposed to, can either be informal or formal.

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Social solidarity

where members  feel part of a community – education transmits society’s shared culture and beliefs

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Stereotype

a simple one-sided and often negative image of a person or group which assumes that everyone in that group is the same.

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Stigma

a negative label or mark of disapproval or shame attached to a group or a person, this is used to justify the exclusion of the individual from normal social interaction.

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Stratification

the division of society into distinct groups.

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Stratification

the division of society into distinct groups.

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Streaming

where children are separated into different ability groups or classes and are taught depending on the group that they are in

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Sub-culture

a group of people with different attitudes morals beliefs and values than mainstream society.

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Tripartite system

the system of secondary education created in 1944. Grammar schools secondary moderns and technical schools. This was decided by the 11+ exam

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Universalistic standards

impersonal rules and standards that apply to everyone in school and wider society

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Vocational training

transmitting knowledge skills and attitudes needed for a particular career 

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