Social Psychology- Lec 1
- Created by: tasha
- Created on: 04-12-12 13:21
WHAT IS SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY?
The scientific investigation of how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others (Allport, 1954).
WHAT IS SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY?
Influenced by other people – Social psychology is the scientific study of social influence. Milgram et al. (1969)
Attitudes
Attitude - An individuals evaluation of a target along a good-bad dimension. ie favourable or unfavourable evaluation.
Atttitide can be based upon 3 sources sometimes it is all 3 used , others just one.
- affect (feelings,emotions)
- cognition(information,beliefs)
- behaviour(past actions towards target)
Ambivalant attitudes - evaluations of a target that comprise of both positive and negative sourses.
Implicit Attitudes - Unconscious or automativ
vs
Explicit attitudes - conscious and deliberate
Value-Expressive function
Value-Expressive function-Attitudes are formed to help express values (broad things such as liberty , freedom and justice) and show our identity that connects us to some groups.
Shavitt (1990)
Object appraisal -coffee - positive/negative features of the object ie the nice smell coffee smellcomes from good beans
Value-Expressive - perfume - values , identity and what object commumicated.ie the type of coffee you drinkc says something about the person you are
Measuring Attitudes
Self Report Measures
Limitations
- Socially desirable - peoiple may answer to make them look better.
- assumes that people have concious access to their attitudes.
Likert-Type Scales - shows a clear position or attitude
1 (disagree strongly) to 5 (agree strongly)
Semantic differential scales - multiple attitues recorded per topic
Bad -2 -1 0 1 2 good
Harmful -2 -1 0 1 2 benificial
Measuring Attitudes
Non Verbal measures
Behavioral measures - look at over behaviors such as sitting far away from somebody.
Implicit / indirect measures - mainly computer based , ie reaction time measurments.
Indirect Measures
eg , Budgit cuts to departments that are linked with other targets can indirectly measure predudice to the linked target.
Implicit Association Task
IAT assesses whether people find it easier to associate things with good or bad.
Items are sorted by good or bad meanings and left or right. then asked which was more difficult.
IAT is target of critisism and its predictive validity is still being assessed.
However , IAT has shown spontanious non-verbal reactions ie eye contact and sitting distance.
How attitudes form
Cognative sourses of attitudes - influanced by belife about pros and cons of targit. for example rational arguments regarding vitamin supplements.
Behavioral sourses of attitudes - when we dont have well developed attitudes we gage our attitudes by reflecting upon our actions
Bem's perception theory if we cant access our thoughts we may base attitude on behavior
Affective sourses of attitudes - our feelings and emotions influance our attitudes . objects make us feel certsin ways due to our previous associations.
Mere exposure effect
Mere exposure effect - exposure leads to a more favorable attitude, even with out reinforcement. ie familiarity leads to liking.
Zajonc (1968) chineese symbol experiment the more a symbol was shown the more it was liked , cause by affect (emotion) not cognition.
Another example Mita, Dermer & Knight (1977) - familiarity with faces. &Kunst-Wilson & Zajonc (1980) subliminal exposure
Why does it occour?
Uncertainty reduction - we often dont know how to respond to new objects , so when they are familier its less uncertainty
Perceptual Fluency - its easier to percieve and catergerise quicker than unfamiliar objects. trhis pleases us , so we feel good about the object.
Limitations of Mere exposure
Limitations
Too many exposures produce boredom
Repeted exposure with negative experiance leasd to dislike not like!!
How attitudes affect behavior.
The theory of reasoned action (TRA) Fishbein & Ajzen 1975
This theory views humans as rational decision makers , who behave logically. This applies only to Volitional (voluntary) behavior.
Attitudes: personal preferances based on pos or neg consequences of behaviors. attitudes to parts of a believe make up the whole believe as positive or negative , like weighing up the pros and cons. something might be bad but overal his attitude is positive ...
Subjective Norms:percived social pressure to preform behaviors based on beliefs of how others want you to behave.,
Critisisms :
in a study (Lapiere) 90% of people said they would not serv chineese however only 1 in 250 actually didnt serve the,.
Attitudes predict behavior
1)When attitude is strong
- extremity - strong attitudes can lead to extreme positions.
- importance - things of high imporance to individual
- accessibility - how easy to activate attitude
- direct exposure - based on direct experiance with object
- value expressive- takes high degree of commitment ie voulutry work
2) when the behavior is controllable
- if not allowed to choose how to react then attitude is irrelivant.
percieved behavioral control
if the person intends to do something.
3) When the measures match
- spacific attitude measures spacific behavior and general to general.
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