Separating Mixtures

1. Draw a line with a pencil at the bottom of a sheet of filter paper. Pencil is used because it is insoluble and will not dissolve in the solvent.

2. Add a spot of ink to this line. 

3. Place the paper in solvent making sure that the ink doesn't touch the water and the paper doesn't fall over.

4. The solvent will travel up the paper and carry the ink with it.

5. Each ink in the dye will move at a different rate and then separate out at different places.

6. When the solvent is nearly at the top, take the paper out and leave it to dry.

7. The end result is called a chromatogram.

This can only be used when your product is an insoluble solid in a liquid.

1. Place filter paper in a funnel.

2. Place the funnel over a beaker.

3. Pour in the liquid and solid mixture into the funnel.

4. The solid will collect in the filter paper and the liquid will collect in the beaker.

This is used to separate a soluble salt from a solution.

1.Pour the solution into an evapourating dish.

2. Slowly heat the solution so the solvent will evapourate and the solution will be more concentrated and crystals will start to form.

3. Continue until only dry crystals are left.

This is a very quick way of separating a soluble salt from a solution but only works if the salt doesn't break down when it is heated.

This is used to separate a soluble salt from a solution. It is similar to evaporation but makes bigger crystals and can be used if the salt breaks down when heated.

1. Put the solution in an evaporating dish and heat gently. 

2. When some of the solvent has dissolved or crystals start to form(the point of crystallisation) remove it from the heat and leave it to cool.

3. The salt should start to make crystals as it becomes insoluble in the cold concentrated solution.

4. Filter the crystals out of the mixture and leave them in a warm place to dry.

Rock salt is a mixture of salt and sand. Salt dissolves in water but sand doesn't. This is what allows them to be easily separated.

1.Grind the mixture to make the salt crystals very small.

2. Put the mixture into water. The salt will dissolve, the sand will not.

3. Filter the mixture- the sand will collect on the filter paper the salt solution will pass through.

4.Use evaporation or crystallisation so that it forms salt crystals.

This is used to separate a liquid from a solution. 

1. To set it up put the solution in a flask with a bung in the top and a thermometer. This is connected to a condenser which allows the water to run out into a beaker.

2. Heat up the solution so the part of the solution with the lowest solution evaporates.

3. When the gas goes into the condenser it is cooled and condenses and collected in a beaker.

The problem with simple distillation is that it can only be used to separate thigs with very different boiling points or they will mix again.

This can be used to separate a mixture of liquids with similar boiling points.

1. Set it up with a flask that is connected to a fractioning column with glass rods and a thermometer at the top. This is connected to a condenser.

2. Heat up the mixture in the flask. The one with the lowest boiling point will evaporate first so ths will reach the top of the tower first and therefore condense first. They can be collected.

3. The liquids with the next hottest boiling points might start to evapourate but the top of the tower is colder than the top of the tower so will condense before reaching the top so will run back down.

4. After each liquid has all been collected the temperature is raised so the next can be collected.