Two of the chriterion A symptoms must be apparent for a one month period.
Delusions - bizarre beliefs that are not real, paranoid, fearful of persecution, inflated beliefs about the persons power and importance,
Hallucinations - bizarre unreal perceptions of the environment, hearing voices, seeing things that are not there,
No possibility of mood disorder
No organic cause e.g. drugs
1 of 9
AO2 1 - Inter rater reliability
Relatively low
Whaley et al - IR reliability as low as 0.11 between health professionals.
Therefore diagnosis was rarely consistent.
2 of 9
AO2 2 - Cultural interpretations
Copeland gave a description pf a patient to US and UK psychiatrists.
US - 69% diagnosed
UK - 2% diagnosed.
3 of 9
AO2 3 - Reliability
Rosenhan 'sane in insane places'
pseudopatients told psychiatrists they were hearing voices.
All were diagnosed and admitted.
Showed no further symptoms.
No staff recognised they were normal.
4 of 9
AO2 4 - Follow up study
psychiatrists told to expect pseudopatients.
21% detection rate - none were actually sent.
5 of 9
AO2 5 - Comorbidity
extent that two or more conditions co - occur (schizophrenia and depression.)
Avoid this by using first rank symotoms when diagnosing.
Bentall - many first rank symtoms are found in other disorders such as bipolar disorder
6 of 9
AO2 6 - Spectrum of psychotic symptoms.
no discrete disorder as schizophrenia but instead there is a spectrum.
Allardyce - symptoms used to characterise SZ do not define a specific disorder as they are also found in other categories of psychosis described in DSM.
7 of 9
AO2 7 - low predictive validity
low predictive validity for SZ.
some patients do recover their previous level of functioning.
40% never really recover.
This much variation suggests that the original diagnosis lacked predictive validity.
8 of 9
AO2 8 - other influential factors
other factors may be more influential on the ultimate outcome of having schizophrenia.
Malmberg - more to do with gender.
Harrison - more to do with psychosocial factors such as social skills, academic achievement and family tolerance of schizophrenic behaviour.
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