Rivers

Soil and rock type

• Non permable rock will not allow water through and therefore the peak discharge will increase
• Some soil will make inflitration alot slower

Weather and climate

• A heavy storm will lead to and increase in river discharge
• A winter storm will produce snow which will have a long time before melting increasing the lag time.

Vegetation cover

• If a area has a high amount of trees ect precipitation will be interrupted and therefore not as much will fall.

Human Activity

• Human surfaces such as tarmac will increase the surface run off

• Occur when the river's base level has fallen
• Giving it large amounts of vertical erosion
• Allowing it to downcut
• Little oppotunity for lateral erosion - meaning they are symetrical

• Dome shaped, 500m in diameter and 50m high
• At the core is a ice lens
• Surface layer is vegetation and soil
• Open system: Water that forms the ice lens from outside
• Closed system: Water to form the ice lens comes from within the system