Respiration: Glycolysis

• State that glycolysis occours in cytoplasm of cells

• Outline the process of glycolysis
• 10 reactions consisting of 4 stages catalysed by enzymes and coA:

1) Phosphorylation 

• 1 ATP hydrolysed and the phosphate attached to glucose at C6.
• glucose 6 phosphate becomes frutose 6 phosphate
•  Another ATP is hydrolysed and attached to the fructose 6 phosphate at C1 
• Making fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
• Energy from ATP used to activate the hexose sugar so it can be transported from the cell.
• The phosphorylated and ativated sugar is now referd to as hexose 1,6 bisphosphate
• 2 ATP molecules used for each molecule of glucose.

2) splitting of hexose 1,6 bisphosphate

• Each moleule of the above is split in to two molecules of triose phosphate (TP) Three carbon sugar.

3) Oxidation of triose phosphate

• note that this process in anerobic but oxidation is required
• 2 H atoms are removed from each TP molecule
• This involves dehydrogenase enzymes and hydrogen acceptor coA 
• NAD accepts the H atoms becoming reduced NAD
• 2 NAD are reduced per 1 molecule of glucose
• 2 ATP formed by substrate level phosphorylation

4) Conversion of phosphate to pyruvate

• 4 enyzme catalysed reactions convert each TP molecule in to a molecule of pyruvate (3C)
• 2 ADP are phosphorylated to make 2 molecules of ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)

Products of glycolysis

•  2 ATP (Net gain) (4 have been made but 2 used to start proess)
• 2 Reduced NAD (carry H atoms via shunt to mitochondrial membranes used to generate more ATP in oxidative phosphorylation)
• 2 pyruvate

• State that in aerobic respiration pyruvate is activley transported in to mitochondria