Respiration

• Two ATP's used to generate one molecule of glucose (6C)
• ATP donates phosphate to glucose to form activated glucose
• Activated glucose is then converted to two molecules of triose phosphate (3 Carbon Molecule)
• Triose phosphate donates hydrogen (oxidised) to NAD (2 molecules of reduced NAD is produced)
• 2 molecules of pyruvate is also made.
• During the conversion of triose phosphate to pyruvate, energy is released to convert 4 ADP molecules into 4 ATP molecules.

• Pyruvate produced from glycolysis are actively transported into the MATRIX of the mitochondia:
• Pyruvate oxidised by removing hydrogen- taken up by NAD to form NADH (reduced NAD)
• Pyruvate loses a carbon atom and CARBON DIOXIDE is formed.
• Acetyl group combines with COENZYME A to form ACETYLCOEZYME A.

2pyruvate+ 2NAD+ 2CoA→2acetyl CoA+ 2NADH+ 2CO2

• Acetyl CoA (2C) reacts with oxaloacetate (4C) to form citrate (6C)
• Citrate loses C and CO2 is formed and loses a H proton to reduce NAD into NADH.
• alpha-ketoglutarate is formed (5C)
• It loses a C and CO2 is formed.
• Oxaloacetate is regenerated (4C):
• 2 NAD's are reduced
• 1 FAD is reduced.
• ATP is produced from substrate-level phosphorylation.

• NADH and FADH binds with the proton pumps- releases protons (hydrogen is a proton m8) and electrons.
• Energy released from electrons causes hydrogen ions (protons) to be actively transported to into the intermembrane space. The enegy being released causes this to happen along the electron chain.
• At the end of the chain, electrons combine with protons and oxygen to form water (H2O).
• Therefore, oxygen is named the final electron acceptor.

• Glucose is converted to pyruvate by glycolysis.
• 2 ATP for 1 Glucose (instead of 36 ATP for 1 glucose in aerobic resp.)
• ATP only produced by substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis.
• Electrons released by NADH and cannot be transported down the ETC because final electron acceptor is absent.
• NADH is oxidised to form either lactate or ethanol- enough NAD is regenerated so glycolysis can continue.