Regeneration
- Created by: carlajokic
- Created on: 16-03-18 11:05
Introduction to regeneration
regeneration: long term upgrading of existing places or renewal schemes
rebranding: marketing, places are given a new, more attractive identitiy to increase attractiveness and viabilty
place: geographical location shaped by individuals and communities over time
sustainability: regeneration that creates long lastic environmental, social & economic benefits for a place
primary: extraction of raw materials
secondary: manufacturing
tertiary: services, tourism, banking
quaternary: technical research & design
quinary: knowledge, management & consultancy
Indicators of success
economic
employment levels, income, house prices
social
low levels of deprivation, services, quality of life
demographic
life expectancy, health, incidence of disease
environmental
levels of pollution, dereliction, amount of open, green spaces
factors that influence perceptions of success:
age ethnicity gender media coverage
Players & funding for regeneration
Central Government
Councils
regional government
local businesses
environmental stakeholders
stakeholders in people/ communities
private - comes from business investors
public - comes from government funding & the taxpayers money
how places change over time
function - the role a place plays for its community, some larger areas often offer a national or even global function e.g. retail & commercial spaces
demographic - focus on age, ethnicity and gender
gentrification - change in social structure of a place, more affluent people moving into a previously lower income location, which attracts more people of this kind. a FILTERING UP process
the UK
primary & secondary employment is FALLING
tertiary & quaternary employment is RISING
advantages: higher income = stronger economy, skilled workers can migrate globally
disadvantages: unemployment for some secondary workers, North/South divide
types of workers:
permanent/fixed contracts
workers (agency/volunteers)
self employed (freelance)
Index of multiple deprivation (IMD)
-a measure of relative deprivation for different areas in England
-comprised of 7 indicators: income, employment, education, health, crime, housing & services and living environment
-the information can be used as a bid for funding or to create development strategies for local areas
the index cannot be used for:
-quantifying how deprived a small area is
-identifying deprived people
-measuring real change in deprivation over time
why might regeneration be needed?
cycle of urban decline: when a sectoral change occurs in a region (e.g. deindustrialisation)
intergenerational: involving multiple generations e.g. if a parent is unemployed, has low aspirations, this may transfer to their child (second generation)
rust belt: areas that have declining metal manufacturing industries
restructuring: higher income primary & secondary jobs replaced with low wage tertiary jobs e.g. retail
north/south divide: differing levels of deprivation between the north & south
characteristics of an unsuccesful area:
-bad health services -poor educational standards
-low wages, primary/secondary -high levels of unemployment
-few/no transport links -unfair/inaccesible house prices
cycle of decline - negative multiplier
occurs when sectoral change takes place in a region e.g. deindustrialisation, or a decline in the primary sector which leads to unemployment
this can trigger a spiral of downward decline, as these workers cannot access higher paid jobs as they lack the skills
in some places, the decline can be impossible to reverse
over time, quality of life decreases and areas become increasingly deprived and unsuccessful
e.g. Middlesborough
-has declining sink estates
-has a gap in educational attainment
Myrdal's cumulative causation model
-some parts of the country are highly desirable & attract inward migration
-influx of new people & industry can trigger a process of cumulative causation
-this begins with investment, from a TNC for example, creating jobs and strengthening local economy
-the area will become more attractive, bring in new investment, people etc. and continue to grow and be a success
successful places / regeneration
successful regions have:
high rates of employment low levels of multiple deprivation
inward migration no skills gap
good transport links good education
perception: how people see/feel about a place, which varies between individuals and groups and is influenced by age, ethnicity, gender, class etc
perceptions may change over time & effect peoples engagement with a place
definitions.
flagship regeneration project: large-scale projects, often using 'bold' architecture to create a 'positive spin' on a place
pump priming: the stimulation of economic activity by investment
northern powerhouse: large northern cities e.g. Leeds & Manchester that need their economies to be restarted to generate income
regeneration strategies
retail led plans
e.g. Westfield, influence of shops, malls, pedestrianised areas & alcohol-free zones
sport led
e.g. Olympic Park, running sporting events, infrastructure & buildings, job creation
culture led
e.g. Nottinghill carnival, festivals, galleries, music
technological regeneration
e.g. Cambridge science park
interest groups : an organised group that tries to influence the government to adopt certain policies or measures
Definitions cont.
local plans - plans that designate specific areas for development
enterprise zone - an area which encourages economic growth & development
science park - designated areas created to promote innovation & act as hubs for advances in technology e.g. Cambridge science park
'hard' regeneration - capital investment, physical buildings & infrastructure
'soft' regeneration - planning, skills & education
infrastructure - basic physical systems of a place
SPEARMAN'S RANK
Null hypothesis - no relationship
Alternative hypothesis - is a relationship
government planning
3 aspects :
-planning laws; deciding how land is used
-planning for fracking
fracking: extracting gas from shale rock by hydraulic fracturing
-planning for housing needs; selecting deprived areas and assigining funding
deregulation of capital markets: the reduction/elimination of government power in a particular industry, usually to create more competition within an industry
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