Regeneration

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Introduction to regeneration

regeneration: long term upgrading of existing places or renewal schemes 

rebranding: marketing, places are given a new, more attractive identitiy to increase attractiveness and viabilty 

place: geographical location shaped by individuals and communities over time 

sustainability: regeneration that creates long lastic environmental, social & economic benefits for a place 

primary: extraction of raw materials 

secondary: manufacturing

tertiary: services, tourism, banking

quaternary: technical research & design 

quinary: knowledge, management & consultancy 

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Indicators of success

economic

employment levels, income, house prices 

social

low levels of deprivation, services, quality of life 

demographic

life expectancy, health, incidence of disease 

environmental

levels of pollution, dereliction, amount of open, green spaces 

factors that influence perceptions of success:

age           ethnicity          gender         media coverage

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Players & funding for regeneration

Central Government 

Councils 

regional government 

local businesses 

environmental stakeholders 

stakeholders in people/ communities

private - comes from business investors 

public - comes from government funding & the taxpayers money 

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how places change over time

function - the role a place plays for its community, some larger areas often offer a national or even global function e.g. retail & commercial spaces 

demographic - focus on age, ethnicity and gender

gentrification - change in social structure of a place, more affluent people moving into a previously lower income location, which attracts more people of this kind. a FILTERING UP process 

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the UK

primary & secondary employment is FALLING 

tertiary & quaternary employment is RISING 

advantages: higher income = stronger economy, skilled workers can migrate globally 

disadvantages: unemployment for some secondary workers, North/South divide 

types of workers:

permanent/fixed contracts 

workers (agency/volunteers)

self employed (freelance)

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Index of multiple deprivation (IMD)

-a measure of relative deprivation for different areas in England

-comprised of 7 indicators: income, employment, education, health, crime, housing & services and living environment 

-the information can be used as a bid for funding or to create development strategies for local areas 

the index cannot be used for:

-quantifying how deprived a small area is 

-identifying deprived people 

-measuring real change in deprivation over time 

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why might regeneration be needed?

cycle of urban decline: when a sectoral change occurs in a region (e.g. deindustrialisation)

intergenerational: involving multiple generations e.g. if a parent is unemployed, has low aspirations, this may transfer to their child (second generation)

rust belt: areas that have declining metal manufacturing industries

restructuring: higher income primary & secondary jobs replaced with low wage tertiary jobs e.g. retail 

north/south divide: differing levels of deprivation between the north & south 

characteristics of an unsuccesful area:

-bad health services                    -poor educational standards

-low wages, primary/secondary                   -high levels of unemployment

-few/no transport links                -unfair/inaccesible house prices 

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cycle of decline - negative multiplier

occurs when sectoral change takes place in a region e.g. deindustrialisation, or a decline in the primary sector which leads to unemployment 

this can trigger a spiral of downward decline, as these workers cannot access higher paid jobs as they lack the skills 

in some places, the decline can be impossible to reverse 

over time, quality of life decreases and areas become increasingly deprived and unsuccessful 

e.g. Middlesborough 

-has declining sink estates 

-has a gap in educational attainment 

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Myrdal's cumulative causation model

-some parts of the country are highly desirable & attract inward migration 

-influx of new people & industry can trigger a process of cumulative causation

-this begins with investment, from a TNC for example, creating jobs and strengthening local economy 

-the area will become more attractive, bring in new investment, people etc. and continue to grow and be a success 

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successful places / regeneration

successful regions have: 

high rates of employment                   low levels of multiple deprivation

inward migration                                 no skills gap

good transport links                           good education 

perception: how people see/feel about a place, which varies between individuals and groups and is influenced by age, ethnicity, gender, class etc 

perceptions may change over time & effect peoples engagement with a place 

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definitions.

flagship regeneration project: large-scale projects, often using 'bold' architecture to create a 'positive spin' on a place

pump priming: the stimulation of economic activity by investment

northern powerhouse: large northern cities e.g. Leeds & Manchester that need their economies to be restarted to generate income 

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regeneration strategies

retail led plans 

e.g. Westfield, influence of shops, malls, pedestrianised areas & alcohol-free zones 

sport led 

e.g. Olympic Park, running sporting events, infrastructure & buildings, job creation 

culture led 

e.g. Nottinghill carnival, festivals, galleries, music 

technological regeneration 

e.g. Cambridge science park 

interest groups : an organised group that tries to influence the government to adopt certain policies or measures 

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Definitions cont.

local plans - plans that designate specific areas for development 

enterprise zone - an area which encourages economic growth & development 

science park - designated areas created to promote innovation & act as hubs for advances in technology e.g. Cambridge science park 

'hard' regeneration - capital investment, physical buildings & infrastructure 

'soft' regeneration - planning, skills & education 

infrastructure - basic physical systems of a place 

SPEARMAN'S RANK 

Null hypothesis - no relationship 

Alternative hypothesis - is a relationship 

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government planning

3 aspects : 

-planning laws; deciding how land is used

-planning for fracking

fracking: extracting gas from shale rock by hydraulic fracturing 

-planning for housing needs; selecting deprived areas and assigining funding 

deregulation of capital markets: the reduction/elimination of government power in a particular industry, usually to create more competition within an industry 

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Comments

Woden

Report

Needs unsuccessful regeneration

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