Fitting devices to exhausts and industrial chimneys can reduce gas and particulate emissions. E.g. electrostatic precipitator-uses electrical charge to remove particles from gases.
Catalytic converters help to reduce the emissions from car exhausts.
Electric cars
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Land use Planning
Urban planning can reduce levels of urban pollution.
In Curitiba zones for heavy industry have been established outside the city centre, away from populated areas. There has also been a deliberate policy of mixing low-polluting land uses e.g. housing and light industry.
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Legislation
Many countries have adopted air quality control legislation, setting minimum levels of emissions and air quality.
UK- air quality standards are set by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Monitoring is widespread and air quality warnings are issued when pollutions levels are dangerously high.
USA- series of Clean Air Acts since 1960s- successful in reducing the number of pollutants. E.g. Particualte emissions fell by 80% annd SO2 levels by 50%.
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Vehicle Restrictions
A number of cities operate road pricing or a congestion charge e.g. London.
Singapore- Vehicle ownership is heavily taxed and motorists are charged electronically using an in-car smart card for driving into the city centre.
In some cities, registration plates are used to restrict cars from entering city centres e.g. odd numbers on some days and even on others.
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