Rebellions and Foreign Policy of Henry VII

• Dynastic 
• Simnel pretends to be Earl of Warwick - currently in the Tower
• Sim crowned King of Ireland in Dublin
• Margaret of Burgundy sends 2,000 German troops to support Sim
• Earl of Lincoln fails to rally Irish forces for invasion - ENGLAND EXHAUSTED BY CIVIL WAR
• HVII forced into battle - 12,000 royal forces VS 8,000 Lincoln rebels
• Lincoln killed in battle - Sim pardoned + sent to work in royal kitchens

HVII SUCCESSFULLY PROVED POWER + AUTHORITY 

FOREIGN ASSISSTANCE + YORKIST OPPOSITION = SIGNIFICANT THREAT

• French attempt to invade Brittany 
• Difficult situation for HVII - action required to maintain respect w/in Europe + owed favour to both Brittany and France
• HVII lacked funds for war + did not want to anger France
• Negotiations opened BUT HVII failed to secretly send troops to Brittany
• Allied w/ Brittany 1589 + France sheltered Warbeck at court in retaliation (displeasure)
• HVIII gambled 12,000 troops hoping France did not want war - PAID OFF (French too preoccupied w/ Italian Wars)
• 1592 Treaty of Etaples secured annual French Pension until HVII death + France dropped alliances w/ English enemies

COST OF WAR GREATLY OUTWEIGHTED ANY MONEY PAID BACK BY PENSION (DESPITE SIGNIFICANCE)

• Rebellion against taxes for Brittany Crisis - France too far away to justify North paying the tax
• Parliament granted £100,000 while taxes only raised £27,000
• Earl of Northumberland murdered by rebels as royal messenger
• Crucial for HVII to maintain English foothold in France
• Earl of Surrey sent to massacre rebel forces - rebel leaders hanged

ONLY SUCCESSFUL REBELLION - REBELS NOT FORCED TO PAY TAX

• Anglo-Spanish alliance/promise to consult each other prior to agreements w/ France
• Equal trading rights created between English + Spanish merchants
• Arranged marriage between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon

ALLIANCE LASTED UNTIL REIGN OF ELIZABETH I

• Dynastic
• Warbeck pretended to be a dead Yorkist prince (from the Tower)
• Initially warmly welcomed by France - forced to leave by Treaty of Etaples
• Burgundy claims Warbeck as a long lost nephew - trade embargo forces Burgundy to give up W
• HRE briefly supposrts W - distracted by Italian Wars
• W attempts Kent invasion + easily put down

HVII INFORMED OF WILLIAM STANLEY INVOLVEMENT W/ W - 1595 STANELY EXECUTED

= HUGE BLOW FOR HVII

• W welcomed in Scotland + married cousin of James IV
• 1497 W attempts Scottish invasion - fails miserably - TRIGGERS CORNISH REBELLION
• HVII and JIV make peace/marriage arrangement + W forced to flee
• W attempts Exeter rebellion before giving up
• W pardoned + sheltered in court
• W makes three escape attempts + imprisoned in the Tower
• 1499 W executed for conspiring w/ Earl of Warwick

HVII LUCKY - ISSUES IN EUROPE PREVENTED W FROM MAINTIANING SIGNIFICANT FOREIGN SUPPORT FOR HIS CLAIM

• HVII promise to withdraw troops from France 
• Creation of annual FRENCH PENSION
• French paid HVII £5,000 annually until death of HVII

• French invasion of Italian Peninsula = huge threat to European powers
• England excluded from HRE+Spanish anti-French alliance
• English neutrality guarenteed protection 
• HVII ended Warbeck campaign by manoeuvring  outisde of European politics
• Allowed HVII to deal w/ internal issues + not waste money on foreign policy

• Trading agreement w/ Burgundy allowing England to trade with the whole country (except Flanders)
• Solid basis for trade agreement from 1499

INTERCURSUS MALUS = TEMPORARY EXTORTION OF PHILIP OF BURGUNDY DURING SUCCESSION CRISIS

• Improved Anglo-Scottish relationship after failed Warbeck invasion
• 1502 developed into the Treaty of Perpetual Peace

• Rebellion against taxes for war against Scotland (triggered by Warbeck)
• War had a significant impact on trade + economic decline 
• 15,000 rebels marched from Cornwall to London
• Rebellion cruched on the outskirts of London w/ 1,000 rebels killed - leader executed for treason

NOBILITY FAILED TO STOP REBELS = HUGELY CONCERNING LACK OF SUPPORT FOR HVII + ROYAL AUTHOIRTY

• de la Pole = genuine claimant to the throne + heir before Tudor victory in the War of the Roses
• 1501 de la Pole fled to HRE to establish Yorkist claim = significant threat after 1502 death of Prince Arthur
• Diplomatic manoeuvres during the Succession Crisis allowed HVII to gain possession of de la Pole
• Remained imprisoned in the Tower until executed by HVIII in 1513

NOT DYNASTIC BUT A SIGNIFICANT AND LEGITIMATE THREAT TO TUDOR CLAIM + SUCCESSION 

• Death of Isabella of Castile = instability between Castile + Aragon (Spanish kingdoms)
• Caused self-destruction of anti-French Alliance
• Ferdinand of Aragon wanted to unite Spain - Philip of Burgundy wanted Castile as part of HRE
• HVII forced between an alliance with Spanish OR Burgundy 
• Burgundy alliance = pacify Yorkists + gain de la Pole + organise a marriage alliance for HVIII
• Caused bad relations w/ Spain (retaliated w/ French marriage alliance)

• 1506 Philip dies + Ferdinand regains Castile
• HVII re-established neutrality to gain custody of de la Pole
• Ferdinand = self-declared king of united Spain = huge threat to all of Europe
• HVII forced into multiple alliances w/ France + Netherlands to isolate Spain

• Union of all European countries against Venice in renewed Italian Wars
• All marriage alliances prohibited
• English neutrality = isolation from European politics (again)