The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People
Set up in 1911
1945: 450,000 members
Black lawyer Charles Houston tried to recruit more black lawyers to challenge segregation
Successful in the Brown v. Topeka case and Montgomery Bus Boycott
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SCLC
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Set up in 1957 by Martin Luther King to peacefully protest for civil rights
1963: Led marches in Alabama to end Jim Crow Laws
1965: Led marches in Montgomery
Got 160,000 black Americans voting rights
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NoL / Malcolm X
The Nation of Islam
Nationalist and Separatist Muslim movement set up in 1930
Had 2 solutions to the problems of black Americans: either go back to Africa or have a seperate black state in the South
Forced America's black leaders to refocus from civil and legal rights to social and economical conditions for black people
Labelled a 'hate group' by King and 'bunch of thugs' by NAACP leader Thurgood Marshall
Notable members included Muhammad Ali and violent black activist Malcolm X
1959: TV documentary 'The Hate that Hatred Produced' got Malcolm X famous
1964: Malcolm X suspended from Nol after welcoming Kennedy's assassination, and he renounced them as a result
1965: He was assassinated by Nol gunman
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SNCC
Student Nonviolent Co-ordinating Committee
Began campaign in 1961 to end segregation
Did sit-ins and freedom rides, which helped to get interstate travel made illegal
Temporarily merged with Black Panthers and formed links with Communist freedom fighters
1966: chose Stokely Carmichael as leader who expelled white members and rejected non-violence. He began the 'Black Power' movement.
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CORE
Congress Of Racial Equality
May 1961: James Farmer of CORE organised Freedom Rides
1966: Floyd McKissock took over CORE and expelled white members in 1968. He rejected nonviolence.
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Black Power
As CORE and SNCC worked in the ghettos they became more violent and radicalised
1966: Stokely Carmichael for SNCC and Floyd McKissock for CORE
Stokely Carmichael brought 'black power' phrase to life with speech in Greenwood, Mississippi after the Meredith March
1968 Mexico City Olympics: medal winners Tommie Smith and John Carlos raised their fists in black power salute, Smith wearing a black scarf for black pride and Carlos wearing beads for black slaves and lynching victims. They were members of the 1967 Olympic Project for Human Rights, an organisation protesting racial discrimination toward black people.
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Black Panthers
1966: Huey Newton formed the Black Panther party in retaliation to police brutality in Watts riots.
Had a 10 point programme including demands for 'Land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace'.
5000 members organised into 30 'chapters'
1968-9: merged with SNCC and formed links with communist freedom fighters
In Los Angeles it gave ghetto children free breakfast, set up health clinics and an ambulance
It attacked police. When 'panthers' would see police harassing black people, they'd attack the police.
A number of black panthers were shot, notably in a gun battle stemming from a 1968 ambush of police patrol.
In response California decided it would recruit policemen in proportion to the size of the black and white population of the state.
Leaders were jailed and by 1970 the movement had died out
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