Question 2:

• Occurs beneath the surafce
• Large magma chambers cool - Batholith - Dartmoor, Bodmin moor
• Weathering and erosion can cause it to expose - upland plateaux
• Dykes - magma flows into gaps and cools vetically - isle of arran
• Sills - magma cools horizontally - Scottland
• Exposed due to weathering - Dykes - upstanding feature - waterfall

Two types:

1. Primary
2. Secondary

Primary:

• Tephra: Solid material (volcanic bombs - ash) - Mt Etna, Itlay
• Pyrochlastic flow: Very hot, charged gases, high vilocity, flows of gases and Tephra
• Lava flow: Lava flowing - Mostly all volcanoes
• Volcanic gases:  CO2, Hydrogen, Supher - Lake Nyos, Cameroon, 1986

Secondary:

• Laharas: Volcanic material and mud - Mudflows - Nevado Del Reis, 1985
• Flooding: Under ice activity melting - Iceland, 1996
• Tsunamis: Underwater volcanoes and earthquakes, Krakatoa, 1883
• Land slides: Falling rock or material

Firstpace:

• Derelict buildings - Sense of decay and being run down, no 'get up and go'
• Graffiti and street art - Expression of feelings and emotion, not part of the system to be able to express
• Shutters on buildings - Unwelcome feel, crime and dangers, they live up to the name
• Litter of streets - Affects the moods and the spirt, feeling of no hope or help

Secondpace:

• Area of prostitution - Dont feel safe, noise and traffic pollution, dont feel like its 'home'
• Centre of illegality - Informal sector for criminals, role models to live up to, dont feel secure - wont spend
• 'Forgotten' district - no investment, no motivation to improve the system, feel left behind
• Migrant magnet - new migrants go here, cheapness, cause of friction, cultural divide
• 'No-go' area - avoided by the rich, sectioned away from the rest of society

• Old run down housing areas become disirable once again
• They are physcially and socially upgraded

• Groups of proffesionals such as Lawyers, Doctors and Teachers are attracted by style of housing
• Mainly victorian terraces
• Also attracted by access to CBD
• They move in and renovate the property

What happens:

• Propertys become sought after
• social composition changes gradually
• local services start to increase, bars resturaunts, boutiques

Why?:

• Residents are more interested in the governing/politics
• addition of street furniture

Manchester city centre redevelopment programme:

How:

• City invested in a new large indoor 'all weather' shopping mall
• redeveloped in 1996 after IRA bombings
• Numerous focal points
• Biggest M&S in Europe
• Flagship stores : Selfridges, Harvey Nichols
• Lesiure facilities: Printworks, bars, clubs, resturants, and Hard rock cafe

What else:

• New landscaping : Several public spaces
• Picadilly gardens
• Exchange square
• Public events
• Oldest buildings - Old wellington inn and Sinclairs ouster bar moved to create Shambles square 1999

What:

• Countries opting into and out of groups for certain privledges
• E.G: EU

Trade:

• Hugley improtant
• Formation of relations
• Developing nations
• Mainly due to Globalistaion
• A reason for GON

Examples:

• EU, NAFTA, UN

• Trade
• Peace - EU

Positive:

• Greater peace - EU - WW2
• Trade barrier reduced
• Overall democratic function - Common Agriculture Policy - EU
• Remote region support - Mayo - Road building
• Common currency  Simplify transaction - EU
• Moving freely - Work - EU
• Bigger representitives

Negatives:

• Loss of sovreignity - 70% UK laws made in Brussels
• Loss of financal control - European banks
• pressure to adopt legislations  European court of human rights
• Economic sectors damaged - Fishing - UK - France
• Elites hold power - USA - NAFTA
• Sepratist movemnt - Scottland

• traffic calming measures
• Islington, late 1990's

But:

• The area may still be classed as deprived
• Shows the gap between new residents and old
• This may cause friction
• Inner city school fail to see improvements, as new would go to private schools (Harbourne)

How do they help:

• Trade barriers - Devloping countries

Consequnces:

1. Possitive
2. Negative

What now:

• Several events are held such as : Christmas markets, and Spinningfields ice rink
• The Northern quatre is regarded as the city centres hub