Qualitative tests

- Dip Nichrome wire in acid, select the sample and hold it over bunsun burner.

Results

Sodium - Na⁺ - Yellow flame

Potassium - K⁺ - Lilac Flame

Calcium - Ca²⁺ - Yellow/Red Flame

Copper - Cu²⁺ - Green/Blue Flame

Lithium - Li⁺ - Brick red Flame

- First dissolve the sample in water

- Add a few drops of sodium hydroxide 

Results 

Aluminium Ions - White precipitate(Redissolves to from colourless solution if more NaHO is added)

Calcium Hydroxide - White precipitate

Copper Hydroxide - Pale blue precipitate 

Iron(II) - Green precipitate 

Iron(III) - Brown precipitate 

- Add a few drops of Nitric acid to the sample 

- Add a few drops of Silver Nitrate solution 

Results 

Chlorine ions - White Precipitate

Bromide ions - Cream precipitate  

Iodine ions - Yellow Precipitate

(Milk, cream, Butter)

- Add a few drops of Hydrochloric acid to the sample

- Add a few drops of Barium chloride

Results

White Precipitate (If sulfate ions are present)

- Add Hydrochloric acid to the sample 

Results

Carbon dioxide gas released - Bubble through Lime water - It turns Milky

-Mix sample with Sodium hydroxide 

- Warm it using a bunsun burner 

Results

Ammonia gas given off - Has distinctive smell 

Turns Damp red litums paper blue