public health
ideas 1 government shud force councils to clean up thir towns
2some thought government shouldnt interfere - attitude LAISSEZ-FAIRE.
3LOCAL AREAS SHUD CONTROL THEIR OWN AFFAIRS
4Local ratepayers made all decisions -they didnt want the government t make them pay 4 the improvements.
- Created by: Craig White
- Created on: 15-05-14 13:47
edwin chadwick 1842
report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring population
1842 chadwick was asked by govern to report on living conditions & health of poor.
conclusions - poverty was caused by ill health- which was caused by terrible living conditions in which people lived.
- said ratepayers cud cut their taxes & save money in long term by looking after poor & spending money on improving health . Report said
1 organise drainage & refuse collection
2 Provide pure water supply
3 Appoint a medical officer
30 years of arguing followed Towns Liverpool Manchester Leeds did start t build sewage systems
public health act 1848
1848
- nothing done ar 1st re report chadwick
- CHOLERA OUTBREAK -- put pressure on government
- PUBLIC HEALTH ACT PASSED .
PHA- not compulsory , set up board of health to encourage local autho to improve conditions .
- gave local auth moneyto make improvments- if they had support of ratepayers
- only a few local auth did new measures
1872 50 medical officers of healthappointed
1854 board health abandoned
1853 john snow
- Snow - link between cholera & water supply- research observation used- door - to - door interviews- buil mapof cholera epic
- he put pressure on water companies t clean up there supply
1858 Great sTINK
- YEARS OF HUMAN WASTE IN lONDON tHAMES
1858 HOT WEATHER CAUSED STINK - SMELT BY PARLIA MENT- who thought about moving /coat thir curtains in deodrant
- WITHIN 1 YEATR sIR jOSEPH bAZALGETTE BEGAN BUILDING EXTENSIVE SYSTEM OF SEWERS & DRAINS - STILL THEIR TODAY
REFORM ACTS
1867 second reform act
working class men given vote & not just ratepayers wh0 had a say 7 - knew victims of poverty
-MP s forced to improve living conditions of poor
1875 second public health act
unlike 1848 local authorities now forced to follow measures
1 provide clean water---2proper drainage & sweage--3 appoint med officer of health
1861 Louis Pasteur published germ theory proving link between dirt & disease- scientific proof - people will to pay taxes for reforms
other factors & results og 1875 public health act
statics -unhealthy towns shamed into action - government publish stats showing wher death rate highest & what people died of -
Cholera outbreaks -returned 1865 - john snow proved links dirty water =disease forcing ratepayers to take action
weaken of Laissez Faire - Government realised they had to take action - cud not leave it to councils or individuals - moral code results of pub health act 1875- improved standards of housing
stopped the pollution of rivers from which people got water
shortened working hours in factories for women & children
made it illegal to add ingredients that made food unhealthy
education compulsory ( compulsory sanitation 1875 )
20th century - war ww1
WAR 1 - surgeons had opportunity to practice eg repair -perform skin grafts - pastic surgury
- soldiers promised good housing on return - slums cleared
surgury of eye -ear- nose - throat rapidly improved - brain surgeryu advanced
X Rays DISC 20YRS BEFORE WAR -
HOSPITALS = MACHINES more were manufactured - installed along western Front
xrays- improved success of surgeons - removing bullets sh previously wud have caused infections .
blood tranfusions & Penicillin
1901 karl Landsteiner - discoverd succesful transfusions - ww1 vast amnts of blood needed - soldiers were bleeding to death in trenches -before blood cud get to them
doctors discovered how blood can be bottled - packed in ice & stored - this saved many lifes ,
CHANCE FINDING = PENICILLIN
1928 fleming whilst cleaning culture dishes - by chance a fungal spore had landed & grown in dish - he noticed colonies of bacteria around the mould had stopped growing . The FUNGUS was identified & called Peniciin - it produced a substance killing bacteria ( Fleming couldnt advance this work )
PENICILLIN - Florey & Chain
1930 s x2 oxford scientists Florey & cHAIN WERE INTERESTED IN flemings paper
FACTORS LEADING TO PENCIILLIN DEVELOPMENT
- 1 1939 3 days after ww2 - growing casualities added to urgency
2 GB government to fund penici research+ US govern funded mass production
3 technology - microscopes & bacteria growing mediums
4 chance- - Fleming discovered pen in 1928
5 Florey Chain =skilled scientists & team of researchers + tested on mice
british chemical firms 2 busy making explosives to start mass prod so Florey =USA
1944 mass production of penicillin - Fleming -Florey - Chain NOBEL PRIZE 1945
ww2 impact on medicine
Blood Transfusions - blood stored longer -civilians donated blood
diet - rationing improved diet - healthy eating encouraged
drugs - developed as 1st antibiotic
poverty evacuation of children to urban areas - contrast between rich & poor
Surgery - now use of skin grafts & burn traetment
Hygiene- Government poster educated people on Hygiene
NHS - influence of WW2
social differences - broke - people together in war
raising armies - powerful people notice health probs of poor
evacuation - increas awareness of disadvantaged
after ww2 people wanted improvements/change leading t LABOUR VICTORY 1945
sIR wILLIAM bEVERIDGE PUBLISHED fAMOUS bEVERIDGE REPORT 1942
HE CALLED FOR STATE PROVISION TO BE FROM CRADLE TO GRAVE .
NAtional insurance intrduced to pay for NHS
DOCTORS & DENTIST WOOFOR FIXED PAY PER PATIENT
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