The death rate fell due to:
- smallpox vaccine
- better quality food
- soap was cheap and readily available
- cotton cloth was cheap and easy to buy for people to wash
The brith rate rose because:
- more people survived into their twenties and thirties to have babies
The marriage rate rose because:
- easier for men and women agricultural labourers to begin life together on their own and so they married earlier
- industrial workers could marry as soon as they had a job
- earlier marriages, in the days before contraception, meant more babies
- in 1801, 33% of the population lived in towns
- this increased to 50% in 1851 and 72% in 1891
- in manchester in the 1840s, 57% of babies died before their fifth birthday
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