Psychopathologys
- Created by: Milliexo12
- Created on: 15-06-19 17:57
Phobias
Definiton: An anxiety disorder. instances of irrational fears that produce a conscious advoidance of the feared stimulus or situation.
Behavioural characteristics
avoiding stimulus or situation completely
freezing or fainting in fear
Emotional.
persistant and obvious fear- excessive & unreasonable
anxiety & panic
cured by presence or anticipation of ceratin objects or situations
cognitive
irrational thought process
identify own behaviour as irrational
two process model
classical conditioning: phobia is initiated through association
operant conditioning: phobia is maintained via rewarding outcomes when behaviour is repeated
Proposed by Mowrer
Systematic desensitisation
-Taught relaxation techniques
- Create desensitisation hierarchy each one causing more anxiety than pervious one.
-Gradually work through hierarchy. Visualiising each anxiety and using relaxation techniques
-Once mastered each step move onto next one. have to remain in relaxed state.
-Master feared situation
Evaluation
Effectiveness supported by research
useful for people who lack insight e.g. children
there are quicker alternatives
may suffer from symptom substitution
vivo techniques rely on imagination may not be effective
Flooding
Taught how to relax muscles
Remain in vivo or vr situation until calm either through using relaxation techniques or adrenaline levels naturally decreasing
master feared situation
Evaluation
relatively quick
effective if done correctly
may suffer from symptom substitution
highly traumatic
Depression
Definition: Mood disorder that makes feel sad and/or lack interest in usual activities
irrational negative thoughts
raised or lowered activity levels
Symptoms
-low mood
-inability to get out of bed
-anxiety
-sadness
-low self esteem
Emotional
feelin guilt-ridden
feeling hopeless & helpless
Behavioural
Disturbed sleep
lack of energy
change in appetite
Cognitive
difficulty concentrating
continuous low mood or sadness
Becks negative triad
1. negative view of self (i am undeserving)
2. negative view of world (its a hostile place)
3. negative view of future (i will always be useless)
Ellis's ABC model
A. an activating event
B. an individuals beliefs- rational/irrational]
C. a consequence
The irrational thinking may produce undesirable behaviours
Musturbatory thinking
thinking certain ideas must be true in order to be happy
1. i must be approved of/ accepeted by people i find important
2. i must do well or i am worthless
3. world must give me happiness or i will die
Evaluation
treatments based on cognitive approach are effective
found people with depression/anxiety do have irrational/ negative thought patterns
faulty thinking may be consequence of mental condition rather than cause
negative thinking may be realistic & reasonable
blames individuals rather than sitiuational factors
doesnt consider why/how developed faulty thinking
Cognitive Behavioural therapy (CBT)
Therapist helps client identify particularly negative thoughts
challenges negative thoughts by introducing positive incidence
behavioural component is in setting small achievable goals to boost self-effectiveness
REBT
challenges irrational thoughts & maladaptive behaviour
maintain negative & self defeating themselves how inadequate they are
client & therapist work together to identify situations that produce negative emotions
Therapist challenges these thoughts
Challenging irrational thoughts
DEF-Ellis
D. disputing irrational thoughts
E. effects of disputing & effeective attitudes to life
F. new feelings that are produced
REBT focuses on challenging & disrupting irrational thoughts & replacing them
- logical disputing: self defeating beliefs dont follow logically from available info
- empirical disputing: self defeating beliefs may not be consistent with reality
- pragmatic disputing: emphasing lack of usefullness of self defeating beliefs
set homework for patient that challenges truth of their irrational thoughts
unconditional positive regard: makes person feel worthy by providing respect & appreciation for client.
Evaluation
At least as effective as drugs
Ellis claims 90% success rate for REBT
Gives patient control over own condition
Can be combined with other treatments
Individual differences- less suitable for people who are resistant or experiencing levels of stress
CBT only works with drugs
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