Frued (1924) believed that schziophernia was the result of two processes, regression to pre-ego stage and attempts to re-establish ego control
if the world of schizophernic, as a child, may have been harsh and unloving, then they may regress back to a time before they have a real concept of the world
schizophernia was seen by Freud as an infantile state, some symptoms relfecting the primitve condition and others reflecting the persons attempts to re-establish control
no real evidence to support his theory
psychoanalysts have supported him, such as
Fromm-Reichmann (1948) said that harsh families are likely to develop schizophernia
however it is not how they behave before the schziophernia but the parents do behave differently after someone has been diagnosed with schizophernia
1 of 6
Psychological theories - cognotive
this theory states that the biological aspect does account for the first sensory disturbances of the disorder
however any further developmental is down to the individual trying to undertsand those experiences
when schizophernics first hear voices they go to others to confirm so
when they do not they believe that people are hiding the truth
then rejecting any feedback
evidence to support this,
Lindenberg et al (2002) found that there was a link between excess dopamine and the pre-frontal cortex and the working memory
Yellowlees et al (2002) has developed a machine for schizophernics as by where they are played auditory hallucinations in the hope to show that they are not real
no evidence to show this a successful treatment
2 of 6
Socio-cultrual factors - life events
stressful life events said to trigger schizophernia
Brown and Birley (1969) prior to a schizophernic episode, patients who had previously experienced schziopernia reported to have suffered 2x stressful life events
there is no evidence to say what causes this, however it is blieved that high levels of physiological aurosal accosicted with neurotransmitters are thought to be involved
not all evidence supports this
researchers found that there was not link between schizophernia and stressful life events
patients were not more likely to have suffered a stressful life event three months prior to an episode
it was found that there was a lower likelihood of suffering from a stresssful life event
also schziophernics may not realise what is a stressful life event and may believe they have had one when they have not
3 of 6
Family relationships - double bind theory
children were given contradictory messages when growing up are likely to develop schizophernia
this is because, these contradictory actions prevent the development of an internally coehernt construction of reality
in the long run this then turns into schizopernic symptoms
Bereger (1965) schizophernics recalled a higher level of double bind by their mothers than non-schizophernics however the recall may be affected by the disorder
Liem (1974) less supportive study said that when communciation was measured between shcizophernic families and non there was no difference
4 of 6
Family relationships - expressed emotion
expressed emotion is the level of hositliy in a family
high levels of ee are likely to influence relapse rates
schizophernics returning to a family of high ee are 4 times more likely to relapse
Irain culutured families have high ee, explaining why schizophernic relapse rates
negative emotional climate in these families arouses the patient thus resulting in stress beyond their coping level
much more universial empirical support than double bind
there is the issue whether is is a cause of effect?
it has lead to therapies to help families so relapse rates can be reduced
5 of 6
Labelling therory
delusions etc are deviaant behaviours that within soical groups have been established
if you show these behaviours you are then labelled schizophernic
once the label has been placed the symptoms follow
thus becoming the self-fulfilling prophecy
Rosenhan (1973) was the label is applied the diagnosis then continues to influence the persons behaviour
Comments
No comments have yet been made