Psychodynamic approach

• says our behaviour is influenced by
• unconcious mind
• childhood experiences - root of psychological problems - e.g. fixation

•  psyche = personality

ID

• present from birth (oral stage)
• selfish and irraional
• pleasure principle
• primative mind
• source of libido (psychic energy)

EGO

• develops 2-3 years (anal stage)
• balancing act - resolves conflict
• reality principle

SUPER EGO

• 3-6 years (phallic stage)
• morals and values
• anxiety and guilt
• perfection
• morality principle

HEALTHY PSYCHE

•  balanced ego

UNHEALTHY PSYCHE

• dominant id = psychoses
• dominatn super ego = neuroses

CONCIOUS

•  small amount actvity
• aware
• thoughts and perceptions

PRECONCIOUS

• aware if  wanted or tried
• memories and stored knowledge

UNCONCIOUS

• unaware of don't want to be aware
• unacceptable sexual desires , fears, irrational wishes
• repressed memories
• access slips of tongue, dream analysis and free association

DEFENCE MECHANISM

•  unconcious strategy that protects concious from anxiety

REPRESSION

• bury problem into unconcious to stop provoking anxiety
• e.g. forget first seconds of car crash but not bump head

REGRESSION

• refer back to child-like behaviour when under emotional pressure

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• denial - refusal to accept or acknowledge problem
• projection -  put ownproblem behaviour on someone else
• displacement - channel problem into something else

•  parental behaviour crucial normal development
• personality and mental health issues trace back to first 5 years (fixation)
• people hedonistic - driven to seek pleasure by gratifying id's demands
• source of pleasure - location of libido (life-force)
• change stage location change
• if fixated affects adult - energy used holds us back

ORAL STAGE

• 0-1 yrs
• focus mouth - sucking and swallowing
• id
• fixation: smoking, dependency, agression

ANAL STAGE

• 1 -3 years
• focus on anus
• witholding and expelling faeces
• ego development
• fixation: tidy/untidy, oranised/unoraganise

PHALLIC STAGE

• 3-6years
• focus on genitals
• oedipus and electra complex
• superego develops
• fixation: vanity, sexual anxiety and homosexuality

LATENCY STAGE

•  6 years- puberty
• no sexual motivation
• focus on same sex friendships

GENITAL STAGE

• puberty
• focus on genitals
• sexual intercourse

• occurs phallic stage (3-6 years)
• boys unconcious sexual desire to marry mum and kill dad
• fears dad find out - anxiety - castration fear
• copy and identify with dad including gender appropriate behaviour
• resolve complex and feelings

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• occurs phallic stage (3-6 years)
• anxiety - penis envy - blame mum
• love for dad ****** and envious - wants her own penis
• copy and identify with mum - learn gender appropriate behaviour
• resolve complex and feelings

FOR: SUPPORTING RESEARCH

• Little Hans - fear horses- looke like dad- oedipus complex
• Anna O - acknowledge repressed memory of dog licking glass - recover from not drinking watermelon
• low generalisablity - neurotic, Austrian, middle class women -
• low reliability - individual case studies - not repeatable 
• Little Hans - isolated case study - parents gave more info (reterospective)
• subjectivity - interpretation of Freuds case studies (free association, etc)
• unreliable and unscientific - concepts not measurable and not easily tested

APPLICATION

• new treatments for mental illnesses - less barbaric than spinning chair
• Tavistock clinic - therapy - psychoanalysis

AGAINST: RESEARCH

• Malinowski - islanders no dad figure - Freud said not resolve oepdius complex then homosexual - but heterosexual

ALTERNATIVE THEORIES

• Erikson - psychosexual stages until death - Freud stops at adolescence
• biological approach - nature -hormones -genes-brain lateralisation
• learn approach - nurture -operant conditioning - social learning

• study 1 person or small group on characteristic
• use lots research methods : observations , questionnaires , interviews
• triangulation - pool all data - look for common themes and trends

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• valid - rich detail from variety research methods - lots data - whole picture
• valid - direct data - gathered in natural setting - ecological validty
• low reliability and generalisability- unique - not repeatable - not representative
• subjective interpretation
• ethics - confidentiality

• wanted to make unconcious thoughts concious, deal with them
• used as treatment and research method

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• dream analysis - analyst listens to content of analysand's dream and applies concepts to explain them - manifest content = dream - latent content = meaning
•  free association - say what comes to mind with no censoring - analyst finds connection unrevealing unconcious thoughts
• slips of the tongue - say one thing but mean another - repressed memories revealed - underlying sexual meaning

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• different methods -uncover unconcious wishes not accesible by normal means
• research method and therapy - info and cure

• unique ways uncover unconcious cause of disorder
• subjective interpretation - not scientific
• not repeatable - low reliability of method
• concepts not measurable

HIGH CREDIBILITY

• Tavistock clinic - therapies in UK and US still - psychoanalysis
• concepts still used

LOW CREDIBILITY

• Mason - power of analyst means patient accept possible wrong interpretation
• gender bias against women
• overemphasises sexual matters - transference - patients feeling transfered to analyst

• follow one p. or more over time
• interviews , experiments, observations
• e.g. child of our time

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• developmental trends - track changes
• same p. - no p. variables
• hard keep all p. - drop out - bias sample  and results
• researcher moves away - hard maintain study

• opposite of longitudinal 
• cross section of population and results compared
• e.g. personality development 5yrs, 10yrs,15 yrs, 20yrs

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• cheap and quick- only study one time - more practical
• more ethical - once for each participant that following them long time
• different p. compared- p. variables- less reliable
• low control over extraneous variables - different backgrounds and environments

• 1 p. and 2 measures 
• (e.g. grade and attendence)
• positive  = both go up
• negative = one up, one down

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• straightforward - 2 variables and test
• hilight new areas for research - unsuspected relationship uncovered
• no cause effect shown - just relationship - no predicitability - co vary by chance
• low validity 1 measure - artificial - operationalised variable

AIM:

• test if corelaltion between parental strictness and tidiness

BACKGROUND:

• parents too strict anal stage cause child anally retentive (tidy) - Freud

METHOD:

• correlation (relationship) and ordianal data - inferential statistics (chance) - Spearman's 
• self report data
• 8 closed questions /  4 tideiness and 4 strictness 
• 5 point likert scale rating
• participant design is  

• observed value - result you found - compared to critical value in table
• critical value - table by mathematicians test if result significant or not
• p  0.05 or 0.01 - probability or likelihood results duen to chance is less than or equal to 5 or 1 %
• might need to look at table one or two tailed (directional / non-directional)
•  N = number of participants
• the observed value must be greater than critical value to be significant
• result not significant - accept null hypotheses , reject alternative
• result significant reject null, accept alternative hypotheses

PROCEDURE

• brief, confidentiality, consent , right to withdraw
• give paper to fill in
• debrief and thank
• likert scale results
• scatter graph

RESULTS

• rho value = 0.4 is less than critical value for 10 particpants at 5% level of 0.564
• weak postive correlation
• not significant

CONCLUSION

• result not significant - accept null hypotheses - does not support Freud's theory

GENERALISABILITY:

• 10 p. - small sample
• Portsmouth/ Southampton residents - ethnocentric

RELIABILITY

• standardised procedure - repeat - same for everyone
• low qualitative / open question - difficult repeat - answer differently

APPLICATION

• psychoanalysics - treatment for mental illness - successful - Tavistock clinic - less barbaric than (spinning chair)

VALIDITY

• self report - bias - potential to lie
• open questions - qualitative - acess views - increase depth
• closed questions - quantitiative data - restrict answers - reduce depth
• answer natural environment

ETHICS

• all done

AIM

•  treat 5yr old boy of horse phobia

METHOD/PROCEDURE

• case study - dream analysis
• Freud met Hans twice -rest of info Hans dad (Freud fan)

DESCRIPTION THEMES

1.   dream his penis (widlers) and wiping other kids bums - denied interest - told off by mum

2. Wanted dad go away on buisness and dead-jealous of mum bathing sister- drown her

3. Afraid white horses bite - heard girl told off  - balck horses mouths and eye shields - saw fall down

4. Played dolls 'his kids' - his mum was kids mum- his dad was grandad

ANALYSIS OF THEMES

1.   repression of unwanted desires into unconcious(penis) and pleasure at anal stage (enjoyed it himself)

2. enjoyed with and having mum's attention - desire - oedipus complex

3. fear of father  glasses and moustaches of adult  men (black horse) - told of playing Widdler (white horse) - oedipus complex and castration fear

4. resolved oedipus complex - cure (no phobia) - copy dad 

CONCLUSION

• evidence of psychosexual stages and gender development (oedipus complex)

GENERALISABILITY

• case study one child - not generalisable to other kids or adults
• ethnocentric - Austrain
• andocentric - male

RELIABILITY

• few controls - not repeated
• no standardised questions - not repeated
• subjective interpretation - others interpret differently (bad horse experience)
• no more studies of support

APPLICATION

• focus sexual matters and unconcious influences - psychoanalysis development

VALIDITY

• high ecological - talked freely to dad - data valid - collected natural environment

ETHICS

• confidentiality - pseudo name - later identified
• consent - u16-parental consent

SUBJECTIVITY

• interpretation - ignored other reasons for phobia (collapse)
• data bias - Hans father - fan of Freud - included stuff fit with Freud theory

AIM

• cure 5yr old boy shyness/ withdrawn

METHOD

• case study

PROCEDURE

• play therapy over several months

DESCRIPTION OF THEMES

1. No questions asked by Axline

2. Dibs phobia locked doors

3.  Dibs hated dad - toy soldier buried in sand

4. burning house released toy family

5. Dibs didn't speak, showed gifted child

6. Play therapy successful - toys represent family and home situations

ANALYSIS OF THEMES

1. toy soldier - hatred dad- work through anger in play - oedipus complex

2. locked doors - dad locked him in room

3. mum tested and mentally stimulate more than emotional support - silent and gifted - id not satisfied

4. play therapy - express himself with no questions - play as wanted to work through issues - ego could balance

5. release of burning house - superego dominant - felt guilt for putting them in

CONCLUSION

• Dibs unbalanced psyche (personality) - superego dominant - neurotic
• used play to work through issues and id balance

GENERALISABILITY

• unique case study of one child 
• ethnocentric - American
• andocentric - boy

RELIABILITY

• few controls- not repeated
• subjective interpretation - no psychodynamic concepts

APPLICATION

• play therapy success - used today to help kids with issues

VALIDITY

• case study - depth detail
• natural behaviour of play
• unatural being observed

ETHICS

• confidentiality - pseudo name upheld
• consent - u16 - parental consent

DESCRIBE:

• cases of undergoing analysis and 'remeber' traumatic events of early childhood
• might not always be real - ases of false memory of traumatic event
• false memories torn families apart and led to court cases
• true memories of abuse uncovered
• e.g. Beth Rutherford

EXPLAIN:

• the mind has 3 parts - unconcious
• wgo has defence mechanisms - repression
• psychosexual development
• recovering rpressed memories - dream analysis, slip of the togue and free association

TRUE:

• mind 3 parts - therapy aims uncover unconcious(biggest)  thoughts - use energy and prevent moving forward
• unconciouswhere repressed memeories go - defence mechanism of unconcious strategy to protect ego from anxiety of traumatic event
• therapist use research methods of D.A, SoT, F.A to access unconcious
• D.A - analyst listens to  analysands dream- anlaysand listens to interpretation - insight into problems to move them into concious- go away
• therapist interested first 5 years -  psychological problems from
• therpaist look issues in oral, anal and phallic stage - fixation need understandf to cure neuroisis ,etc. 

FALSE:

• memories come from analyst's interpretation and false
• memories suggested by analyst and not deliberatley
• placebo effect - feel better once meory revelaed even if traumatic or no true

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e.g. Beth Rutherford- false meory syndrome

• underwent analysis at request father - depressed
• few sessions no problem - analyst ask abuse and more detail - talked about isssues - interpreted abuse
• Beth reads about abuse, dreams about abuse , more interpretation of abuse 
• investigation - virgin - recovered false memories - stress to family and Beth 

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• concepts unscientific - appear better doesn't mean memory true
• concepts not measurable - unconcious,etc -doesn't mean approach wrong