Projects in LIC's

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  • Created by: Maria5
  • Created on: 01-06-17 11:44

The Brown Agenda

Cities in LEDC's are affected by the Brown Agenda which is a mix of social and environmental problems brought about by rapid growth and industrialisation

Main Issues:

  • Low income groups suffer most
  • Water ususally becomes contaminated with sewage and untreated waste
  • City managers use insufficient resources to try and tackle the problems
  • Problems aren't always solved by technology and capital, low income communities need to be empowered to make their own improvements

International bodies (UN) proposed city-specific solutions to the brown agenda:

  • A public consultation of the main issues and political commitment to improve
  • The risks, impacts and purposes of improvement methods needs to be assessed with a cost-benefit analysis
  • Action plans with specific task forces aimed at specific areas
  • Support groups established, training for community leaderes and local inolvement in consultations prioritised
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The Green Agenda

  • Process starts by identifying local roles rather than problems
  • Participation process isn't limited to experts or certain stakeholders, it's wide and open to all
  • As a result, the process and its results are owned by local people

Green Agenda Case Study: Cairo, Eygpt

  • 3% of its land is arable; loss of this could result in inability of Eygpt to sustain its baic agriculture production
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Self Help Schemes

  • Usually a government sponsered scheme, where members of the community are encouraged to better themselves through means such as creating self employment, growing own food or making own shelter
  • To upgrade existing housing areas, many governments make use of the willing and available labour force to help residents improve their circumstances

Kibera 

  • The government is providing jobs to young children in order for them to produce and sell staple foods such as kale, maize and fish.To support this they built new roads, making it easier for residents to get to the markets and trade. - However some shacks were removed to make way for the road
  • To replace old unhygenic toilets the NGO Peepoople introduced the peepoo which is a biodegradable, sealable, self sanitising alternate that is sold by small local vendors, and can be returned to the drop off point once used for a refund which helps keeps the local area clean and funds the economy. This happens further as some residents offer to collect their neighbour's peepoos and take the refund as payment
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Site and Service

In some countries, the authorities have helped migrants move to the city by allowing them to build houses, using their money from low interest loans, on land that they have rented/bought.The land is connected to the city by tansport links and has access to essential services 

  • It gives participating households legitimate ownerships with rights and obligations
  • Safety and security
  • Rubbish collection, schools and healthcare
  • Waiting lists of land
  • It must have the political will to adress the issues 

Kibera, Nairobi

  • The Dandora scheme (set up in 1976), involves applying for a plot and if chosen the successful applicants go to evening classes to learn construction skills. Once passed they can build a house from materials they buy
  • Dandora has 6000 plots
  • The biggest site and service scheme in Kenya
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High Rise Developments

High rise developments in slums are built by the government with the aim of improving the area and its poor conditions. Often intended to house more people whilst taking up less land. They are equipped with running water and electricity which improves standard of living, yet they are poorly built and become run down fairly quickly.

Cingapura Project

Positives:

  • Provide sanitation as well as access to water, gas and electricity
  • They also provide solid infrastructure and furniture within the flat e.g. a beds

Negatives:

  • Unpopular compared to renovating current homes
  • Living space was seen as inadequat compared and led to a low quality of life
  • High rise flats broke up community feel
  • Rents were modest but still proved beyond the means of many residents
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NGO's

A private, self governing, not-for-profit organisation

Slum Aid

  • Projects located in Mumbai, Nairobi and Jaipur
  • Slum aid supports volunteers as they stay and work with local partnership NGO's to make worthy contributions to their projects
  • They fund schools in Mumbai and Jaipur for illiterate children
  • In Jaipur, Parva School was founded in 2007 with informal lessons teaching kids to read and write - now there is over 85 children being taught by a full time teacher, supported by volunteers

GOA Outreach

  • Project bases in Goa, India with the aim of helping local disadvantagen children
  • It supports children by getting them into school. India now has the 'Right to Education Act'
  • To help the children with healthcare, GOA Outreach proivde free medicines and give out monthly health packs in order to promote cleanliness. Mosquito protection is also given
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Tourism

The visitation of areas of urban poverty is a global phenonmenon in global tourism

  • World wide there are 40 000 tourists a year costing an average of $60 per person
  • In Rio there are 34 favels which are deemed safe for tourism

Advantages:

  • A propotion of the money earned though tourism enters the community
  • Changes perception of poverty due to face to face to interaction
  • Profits have been used to start local charities
  • Spotlight put on poor areas may cause the government to improve the area

Negatives:

  • Slum tours said to treat the dwellers like zoo animals
  • Tourists not usually interested in interaction, just photos
  • Money rarely trickles down - tour operators reap most of the benefits
  • People feel degraded
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Art in the Slums

Rio - Favela painting organisation

  • The project is mainly funded by grants and donations and the main idea is to collaborate with the local people to create community artwork
  • Three artworks have been completed under the Favela painting as 2013. E.g. 'Boy with Kite'
  • In 2010, two artists called Haas and Hahn painted murals over 7,000 square meters of public square in the Santa Marta
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