The courts and parliament have created exceptions when the rule of privity does not apply, they are:
· Agency – Where one party acts as an agent for another.
· Collateral contracts – When a second contract is used alongside the main agreement.
· Restrictive covenants – exists in land law when a purchaser of land makes a promise to the seller, for example not to build on it, the covenant (promise) then runs with the land.
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