I-Imagery (what images are used and what impact do they have)
T-Techniques (Impact they have on the audience and purpose)
P-Personal (responses)
O-Organisation (how has the poet structured the poem and why?)
E-Emotions (what is the tone or mood?)
M-Message (what is the poet's message?)
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Era's of poetry
Metaphysical poetry- associated with an intellectual approach to emotional topics, use images- Donne displays scientific and geographical references Donne's poetry displays complex arguments with paradoxes and puns.
18th century poetry- emphasis on love and religion, preocupation with society, manenrs and morals- rhyming iambic pentameter used with rhythmic balance, strong interest in the classical writers of the ancient world
Romatic poetry- reaction against 18th century commitment to order and reason, stress the importance of human emotions, enthusiasm for nature.
Mountains are seen as a recurring symbol of beauty and mystery in the romantic verse, nostalgia for simple rural society
Later poetry- realism to english poetry, shocking images of violence and suffering
Modernist poetry-response to the horrors of global conflict ( development of free verse that broke conventions of traditional metre
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Poetic form and structure
Stanza's- four line stanza's are known as quatrains and are combined with a regular metre/ rhyme scheme (most poems are divided into stanza's of equal length)
Lyric poetry- expresses and individual's thoughts and feelings, quite short with love being the principal subject (examples of lyric poetry are sonnets odes and elegies)
Sonnets- poem of 14 lines with a rhythm of iambic pentameter
Petrarchan- rhyme scheme that divides the poem into two sections
octave, outlines situation or a problem (first 8 lines) sestet, offers the response to a problem (last six lines)
regular rhyme scheme abbaa
Shakespearean- three quatrains (four lines each) ends with a rhyming couplet- may express a concluding thought/ introduce a new idea rhyme scheme abab
Sonnets can be romantic, religious and about nature (relationship between the different sections of sonnet's should be looked at)
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Poetic imagery
Figurative and literal language - large amounts of this particular lanuage in poems (poets use comparisons to make their writing more vivid and suggestive)
Similes, metaphors, personification
Lexis of formality- formal vocabulary is associated with more serious subjects,
informal lexis can include non standard vocabulary (regional or national dialect)
Connotations- words of its associations, emotions, sensations and attitude that it evokes (ambiguity, contrasts, repetition, abstract/ concrete words)
Archasims and neologisms - archaisms used to create an authentic mood or atmosphere by setting the poem in the past
Neologism- newly coined word or expression- create freshness and vitality
Grammar- dynamic verbs can create excitement and action,
sentence types and sentence length, word order, (grammatical patterns i.e. parallelism)
Use of first person narration and tense
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Rhythm in poetry
Enjambment- one line continues into the next
End stopped line- line coincides with a grammatical pause, indicated with a punctuation mark
Ceasura- pause in the middle of a line
Rhyme helps to give a poem a lively, jaunty rhythm or a sense of narrative and pace to create a feeling of order or harmony-
rhyming words can be significant
Internal rhyme- words rhyme within a line
Half rhyme- rhyme is not quite complete (creates a jarring and discordant effect)
Dissonance- different sounds that clash with one another
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Poetic form and structure
Odes- elaborate lyrical poem, extends over several stanza's, usually addressed to a person, object or idea (serious poems that praise the person or object addressed)
Elegies- mourns someone's death and applied to solemn and contemplative poems
Narrative poetry- poems that tell a story
Epic- long poems that are about mythical heroes, with grand and impressive settings
ballads- tell stories in everyday lanuage, emphasis on action and dialogue,
ballad metre of four line stanza's and four/ three stress lines, refrain regular repetition of words or lines
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