Philosophy and roots

Aristotle's two virtues to happiness:

1st attempt of undestanding physical and biological world. Only observation

Background:

• Founded Lyceum (empiricist)
• Defined soul as gives form to matter

Locke:

• Views influential in America/French revolutions
• World solely consists of matter in motion
• Matter is qualities
• Matter is like mass and motion

Parmenides:

Believed 'it is' - Things changing was only an illusion, don't trust observaion

Zeno, Parmenides:

Trust in reason and mistrust in senses

Hume:

• Skepticism, age of reason
• Argue from convictions,
• Scottish Enlightenment
• Developed role of association, untrust of systematic doubt

Only true knowledge is knowing you have nothing, sorted through conversation

Methods:

Used systematic questioning, concerned with ethics and politics

Presocratics:

• Mark transition in Western culture
• Rational thoughts
• Aim to disclose Logos

Logos = Underlying order of cosmos

Plato speaking about the truth:

Knowledge is derived from logic

• A rationalist
• Mistrusted observation
• We only know appearances

Kierkegaard:

• Existentialism, authenticity gives meaning to life
• Embody spirit of enlightenment
• Sought to replace dogma with critical enquiry

Combined intellectual rigour with Christian faith

Adopted Aristotle's notion about souls

Developed analysis of causes

4 parts to humourism:

1. Sanguine -> Blood, air, liver, courage

2. Melancholic -> Black bile, Esrth, spleen, tired

3. Choleric -> Yellow bile, fire, gall bladder, anger

4. Phlegmatic -> Phlegm, water, brain, rationality

Thales:

Proposed 1st theories based on critical reason and observation

Pythagoras:

Logos is mathematical

Number and ratios have psychological properties

Heraclitus:

Senses are unreliable

Logos can be known through wisdom

Things are processes

Kant's book:

About ideal education, encouraged natural moral intelligence

Illustrated crucial principle of Enlightenment thought

Kant's main beliefs:

• Perceptual experiences were not habitual beliefs
• Priori category which must already be in the mind, do not need experience to make judgement
• Understand causation
• There is a Transcendal/pure self