Periodic table 2

General

• Name: Hydrogen
• Symbol: H
• Type: Non-metal
• Atomic weight: 1.0
• Density @ 293 K: 0.0000899 g/cm^3
• Atomic Volume: 14.4cm^3/mol

Discovered:

• In the first half of the 1500s.
• Theophrastus Paracelsus, a physician, disscovered iron in sulfuric acid and oberserved the release of a gas.
• Turgquet De Mayerne repleated Paracelsus's experiment and found that gas was flammable.
• Neither new that this was an element.
• In 1960 Rpbert Boyle added iron to sulfuric acid. Gas resulted in only burning if air was present and that a fraction of oxygen was consumed by burning.
• Recognised as an element by Henry Cavendish in 1766, when he reacted hydrochloric acid with zinc.
• Lavoisier later named the element hyroden in 1783.
• The names comes from Greek 'hydro' meaning water and 'genes' meaning forming hydrogen is once of the two water forming elements.
• Well-established as an element in 1806.
• Humphry Davy pushed a stron electric current through pure water. Hydrogen and oxygen was formed.

States

• State: Gas
• Melting point: 14.01 K (-259.14 degrees C)
• Boiling point: 20.28 K (-252.87 degrees C)

Energies

• Specific heat capacity: 14.304 J g^-1 K^-1
• Heat of atomization: 218 KJ mol^-1
• Heat of fusion: 0.117 KJ mol^-1 of H2
• Heat of vaporization: 0.904 KJ mol^-1 of H2
• 1st ionization energy: 1312 KJ mol^-1
• 2nd ionization energy: KJ mol^-1
• 3rd ionization energy: KJ mol^-1
• Electron affinity: 72.7711 KJ mol^-1

Oxidation & Electrons

• Shells: 1
• Electron configuration: 1s^1
• Minimum oxidation number: -1
• Maximum oxidation number: 1
• Min. common oxidation no.: -1
• Max. common oxidation no.: 1
• Electronegavitiy (Pauling scale): 2.18
• Polarizability volume: 0.7 A^3

Apperance & Characteristics

• Structure: Hexagonal close packed
• Colour: Colourless
• Hardness: mohs
• Harmful effects
  • Highly flammable
  • Almost invisable flame
• Characteristics
  • Simpilest element
  • Lightest element
  • 90% of universal atoms are hydrogen
  • One proton, One electron and no neutrons.
    • Only element that can exists with no neutrons.
  • Odourless and standard temp and pressure.
  • Burns and forms explosive mixtures.
  • Little free hydrogen on earth

Reactions

• Reaction with aire: vigarous, H2O
• Reaction with 6 M HCl: none
• Reaction with 15 M HNO3: none
• Reaction with 6 M NaOH: none

Compounds

• Oxide(s): H2O)
• Chloride(s): HCl
• Hydride(s): H2
• 

Radius

• Atomic radius: 25 pm
• Ionic radius (1 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (3 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 - ion): pm
• Ionic radius (1 - ion): pm

Conductivity

• Thermal conductivity: 0.1805 W m^-1 K^-1
• Electrical conductivity: S cm^-1

Abundance & Isotopes

• Abundance Earth's crust
  • 0.14% by weight
  • 2.9% by moles
• Abundance Solar system
  • 75% by weight
  • 93% by moles
• Isotopes
  • Has 3 isotopes
    • ^1H (protium)
    • ^2H (deuterium)
    • ^3H (tritium)

General

• Name: Helium
• Symbol He
• Type: Nobel gas
• Atomic weight: 4.0
• Density @ 293 K: 0.0001787 g/cm^3
• Atomic volume: 27.2 cm^3/mol

Discovered

• By Pierre Janssen in 1868 during a solar eclipse when he deteced a yellow line in the solar spectrum signiture
• Norman Lockyer and Edward Frankland later confirmed his observations
• Comes from the greek word 'helios' meaning sun
• William Ramsay was the first to isolate helium on Earth in 1895

States

• State: Gas
• Melting point: 0.95 K (-272.2 degrees C)
• Boiling point: 4.2 K (-268.9 degrees C)

Energies

• Specific heat capacity: 5.193 J g^-1 K^-1
• Heat of atomization: 0 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of fusion: 0.0138 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of vaporization: 0.0845 kJ mol^-1
• 1st ionization energy: 2372.2 kJ mol^-1
• 2nd ionization energy: 5250.3 kJ mol^-1
• 3rd ionization energy: kJ mol^-1
• Electron affinity: 0 kJ mol^-1

Oxidation & Electrons

• Shells: 3
• Electron configuration: 1s^2
• Minimum oxidation number: 0
• Maximum oxidation number: 0
• Min. common oxidation no: 0
• Max. common oxidation no.: 0
• Electonegativity (Pauling sclae): 0
• Polarizability volume: 0.198 A^3

Apperance & Characteristics

• Structure: hexagonal close packed
• Colour: colourless
• Hardness: mohs
• Harmful effects: non-toxic
• Characteristics
  • light
  • odourless
  • does not solidify
  • the voice of somone who has inhaled the gas temporarily sounds high-pitched

Reactions

• Reaction with air: none
• Reaction with 6 M HCl: none
• Reaction with 3 M HNO3: none
• Reaction with 6 M NaOH: none

Compounds

• Oxide(s): none
• Chloride(s): none
• Hydride(s): none

Radius

• Atomic radius: 31 pm
• Ionic radius (1 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (3 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 - ion): pm
• Ionic radius (1 - ion): pm

Conductivity

• Thermal conductivity: 0.15 W m^-1 K^-1
• Electrical conductivity: S cm^-1

Abundance & Isotopes

• Abundance earth's crust
  • 8 parts per billion by weight
  • 43 parts per billion by moles
• Abundance solar system
  • 23% by weight
  • 7.4% by moles
• Isotopes
  • Has 8 whose half lives are know with mass numbers 3-10.
  • 2 are stable
    • ^3He
    • ^4He
      • Over 99.999% of naturally occuring helium is in the form of ^4He

General

• Name: Lithium
• Symbol: Li
• Type: Alkali metal
• Atomic weight: 6.9
• Density @ 293 K: 0.53 g/cm^3
• Atomic volume: 13.10 cm^3/mol

Discovered:

• By Johan A. Arfvedson in 1817, during an analysis of petalite.
• He described a substance that had unique proporties and which required more acid to newutrilze it than a sodium salt would have.
• The pure metal was isolated the following year by both William T. Brnakde and Humphrey Davy working independantly.
  • Had a red flame colour like Strontium.
  • Produced an alkali solution when dissolved in water.#
• Robert Bunsen and Augustus Matthieseen was independantly producing the meital in large quantities by 1855.
• The name is derved from the Greek word 'lithos' menaing stone.

States

• State: Solid
• Melting point: 453.63 K (108.54 degress C)
• Boiling point: 1615 K (1347 degress C)

Energies

• Specific heat capacity: 3.58 J g^-1 K^-1
• Heat of atomization: 159 KJ mol^-1
• Heat of fusion: 3.00 KJ mol^-1
• Heat of vaporization: 147.1 KJ mol^-1
• 1st ionization energy: 520.2 KJ mol^-1
• 2nd ionization energy: 7298.1 KJ mol^-1
• 3rd ionization energy: 11815.0 KJ mol^-1
• Electron affinity: 59.63 KJ mol^-1

Oxidation & Electrons

• Shells: 2, 1
• Electron configuration: [He] 2s^1
• Minimum oxidation number: -1
• Maximum oxidation number: 1
• Min. common oxidation no.: 0
• Max. common oxidation no.: 1
• Electonegavitiy (Pauling Scale): 0.98
• Polarizability volume: 24.3 A^3

Apperance & Characteristics

• Structure: Body-centered cubic (BCC)
• Colour: Silvery
• Hardness: 0.6 mohs
• Harmful effects
  • Corrosive
  • Can cause birth deffects
• Characteristics
  • Soft and silvery white
  • least dense of the metails
  • Highly reactive and does no occur freely in nature
  • Freshly cut surfaces reacts with oxygen and forms a black oxide coating
  • Has a crimson flame and can become brillaint white

Reactions

• Reaction with air: vigorous, = Li2O
• Reaction with 6 M HCl: vigorous, = H2 LiCl
• Reaction with 15 M HMNO2: vigorous, = LiNO3
• Reaction with 6 M NaOH: mild, = H2 LiOH

Compounds

• Oxide(s) Li2O
• Chloride(s): LiCl
• Hydride(s): LiH

Radius

• Atomic radius: 145 pm
• Ionic radius (1 + ion): 90 pm
• Ionic radius (2 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (3 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 - ion): pm
• Ionic radius (1 - ion): pm

Conductivity

• Thermal conductivity: 84.8 W m^-1 K^-1
• Electrical conductivity: 117 x 10^6

Abundance & Isotopes

• Abundance earth's crust
  • 20 parts per million by weight
  • 60 parts per million by moles
• Abundance solar system
  • 60 parts per trillion by weight
  • 10 parts per trillion by moles
• Isotopes
  • Has 7 whos half lives are know, with mass numbers 5-11
    • Two are stables
      • ^6Li
      • ^7Li

• General
• Name: Beryllium
• Symbol: Be
• Type: Alkali earth metal
• Atomic weight: 9.01
• Density @ 293 K: 1.848 g/cm^3
• Atomic volume: 4.9 am^3/mol

Discovered

• By Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin in 1798
• In emeralds and the mineral Bery
• First isolated by Friederich Wohler in 1828

States

• State: Solid
• Melting point: 1551.2 K (1278 degrees C)
• Boiling point: 2742 K (2469 degrees C)

Energies

• Specific heat capacity: 1.82 J g^-1 K^-1
• Heat of atomization: 324 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of fusion: 7.895 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of vaporization: 297 kJ mol^-1
• 1st ionization energy: 899.5 kJ mol^-1
• 2nd ionization energy: 1757.1 kJ mol^-1
• 3rd ionization energy: 14848.7 kJ mol^-1 Electron affinity: 0 kJ mol^-1

Oxidation & Electrons

• Shells: 2, 2
• Electron configuration: [He] 2d^2
• Minimum oxidation number: 0
• Maximum oxidation number:2
• Min. common oxidation no.: 0
• Max. common oxidation no.: 2
• Electronegativity (Pauling scale): 1.57
• Polarizability volume: 5.6 A^3

Apperance & Characteristics

• Structure: hexagonal close packed
• Colour: steel grey
• Hardness: 5.5 mohs
• Harmful effects
  • toxic
  • carcinogenic
• Characteristics
  • Forms a thin layer of hard oxide to protect it from water or air.
  • non magnetic

Reactions

• Reaction with air: vigorous, w/ht = Be3N2
• Reaction with 6 M HCl: mild = H2
• Reaction with 15 M HNO3: none
• Reaction with 6M NaOH: mild = H2, ]Be(OH)4]^2

Compounds

• Oxide(s): BeO3
• Chloride(s): BeCl2
• Hydride(s): BeH2

Radius

• Atomic radius: 112 pm
• Ionic radius (1 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (3 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 - ion): pm
• Ionic radius (1 - ion): pm

Conductivity

• Thermal conductivity: 200 W m^-1 K^-1
• Electrical conductivity: 0.25 x 10^6 S cm^-1

Abundance & Isotopes

• Abundance earth's crust
  • 2.8 parts per million by weight
  • 4.6 parts per million by moles
• Abundance solar system
  • parts per billion by weight
  • parts per billion by moles
• Isotopes
  • Has 9 with known half lives
  • 1 stable
    • ^9Be
    • ^10Be (half life 1.51 million years)

General

• Name: Boron
• Symbol: B
• Type: Metalloid
• Atomic weight: 10.81
• Density @ 293 K: 2.34 g/cm^3
• Atomic volume: 4.6 cm^3/mol

Discovered

• Comes from the Arabic word 'buraq' meaning white
• First isolated by Joseph L. Gay-Lussac a french chemist and L. J Thenard in 1808.
• Also isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in London in dependantly during 1808 aswell.
• Neither party have produced pure boron.
  • Only reaching 60% pure.
• William Weintraub produced 99% pure boron in 1909.
• Jiuhua Chen and Vladimir L. Solozhenko produced a new form of boron in 2004.
• A team led by Artem Oganov was able to demonstrate the new form in 2009

States

• State: Solid
• Melting point: 2348 K (2075 degrees C)
• Boiling point: 4000 K (3727 degrees C)

Energies

• Specific heat capacity: 1.02 J g^-1 K^-1
• Heat of atomization: 563 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of fusion: 50.2 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of vaporization: 480 kJ mol^-1
• 1st ionization energy: 800.6 kJ mol^-1
• 2nd ionization energy: 2427.1 kJ mol^-1
• 3rd ionization energy: 3659.7 kJ mol^-1
• Electron affinity: 26.7 kJ mol^-1

Oxidation & Electrons

• Shells: 2, 3
• Electron configuration: [He] 2s^2 2p^1
• Minimum oxidation number: 0
• Maximum oxidation number: 3
• Min. common oxidation no.: 0
• Max. common oxidation no.: 3
• Electronegatitivity (Pauling scale): 2.04
• Polarizability: 3 A^3

Apperance & Characteristics

• Structure: Rhombohedral
• Colour: Black
• Hardness: 9.3 mohs
• Harmful effects: Non-toxic
• Characteristics
  • exists in many polymorphs
  • extremely hard
  • forms stable covalent bonds
  • can transmit portions of infrared light

Reactions

• Reaction with air: mild, w/ht = B2O3
• Reaction with ^ M HCl: none
• Reaction with 15 M HNO3: none
• Reaction with 6 M MaOH: none

Compounds

• Oxide(s): B2O3
• Chloirde(s): BxCly
• Hydride(s): B2H6 and many BxHy

Radius

• Atomic radius: 85 pm
• Ionic radius (1 +ion): p,
• Ionic radius (2 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (3 + ion): 41 pm
• Ionic radius (2 - ion): pm
• Ionic radius (1 - ion): pm

Condictvitiy

• Thermal conductivity: 27.4 W m^-1 K^-1
• Electrical conductivity: 5.0 x 10^-4 S cm^-1

Abundance & Isotopes

• Abundance earth's crust
  • 10 parts per million by weight
  • 1 part per million by moles
• Abundance solar system
  • 2 parts per billion by weight
  • 0.2 parts per billion by moles
• Isotopes
  • Has 11 whose half lives are known with mass numbers 7-17
  • 2 are stable
    • ^10B
    • ^11B

General

• Name: Carbon
• Symbol: C
• Type: non-metla, carbon group
• Atomic weight: 12.011
• Density @ 293 K
  • Graphite: 2.267 g/cm^3
  • Diamond: 3.513 g/cm^3
• Atomic volume
  • Graphite: 5.31 cm^3/mol
  • Diamond: 3.42 cm^3/mol

Discovered

• comes from the latin word ' carbo' meaning charcoal.
• Antoine Lavoisier names carbon and he carries out early experiments in 1694.
• Carl Scheele showed that graphite burnt from carbon dioxide in 1779.
• Smithson Tennant discovered that diamond was pur carbon in 1796.
• Benjamin Broadie produced pure graphite from carbon in 1855.
• Francis Bundy and coworkers showed that graphite could be changed to diamond in 1955.
• Robert Curl, Harry Kroto and Richard Smalley discovered fullernes in 1985.

States

• State: soild
• Melting point: 3823 K (3550 degrees C)
• Boiling point: 4300 K (4027 degrees C)

Energies

• Specific heat capacity
  • Graphite: 0.71 J g^-1 K^-1
  • Diamond: 0.591 J g^-1 K^-1
• Heat of atomization: 717 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of fusion: 117 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of vaporization: 710.9 kJ mol^-1
• 1st ionization energy: 1086.5 kJ mol^-1
• 2nd ionization energy: 2352.6 kJ mol^-1
• 3rd ionization energy: 4620.5 kJ mol^-1
• Electron affinity: 121.55 kJ mol^-1

Oxidation & Electrons

• Shells: 2, 4
• Electron configuration: [He] 2s^2 2p^2
• Minimum oxidation number: -4
• Maximum oxidation number: 4
• Min. common oxidation no.: -4
• Max. common oxidation no.: 4
• Electronegativity (Pauling scale): 2.55
• Polarizability volume: 1.8 A^3

Apperance & Characteristics

• Structure
  • Graphite: hexagonal layers
  • Diamond: tetrahedral
• Colour
  • Graphite: black
  • Diamond: transparent
• Hardness
  • Graphite: 0.5 mohs
  • Diamond: 10.0 mohs
• Harmfull effects
  • low toxidity
  • inhalation can cause irritation and damage to lungs
• Characteristics
  • exists in several allotopes including:
    • graphite
    • diamond
    • amorphous carbon
    • fullerines
    • nanotubes

Reactions

• Reaction wih air: vigorous = CO2
• Reaction with 6 M HCl: none
• Reaction with 15 M HNO3: mild, w/ht = C6(CO2H)6
• Reaction with 6 M NaOH: none

Compounds

• Oxide(s): CO, CO2
• Chloride(s): CCl4
• Hydride(s): CH4 and many CxHy

Radius

• Atomic radius: 70 pm
• Ionic radius (1 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (3 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 - ion): pm
• Ionic radius (1 - ion): pm

Conductivity

• Thermal conductivity
  • Graphite: 25-470 W m^-1 K^-1
  • Diamond: 470W m^-1 K^-1
• Electrical conductivity: 0.07 x 10^6 S cm^-1

Abundance & Isotopes

• Abundance earth's crust
  • 200 parts per million by weight
  • 344 parts per million by moles
• Abundance solar system
  • 3,000 parts per million by weight
  • 300 parts per million by moles
• Isotopes
  • Has 13 whose half lives are known with numbers 8-20
  • 2 are stable
    • ^12C
    • ^13C
  • Isotope ^14C with a half life of 5730 years

General

• Name: Nitrogen
• Symbol: N
• Type: non-metal
• Atomic weight: 14.0
• Density @ 293 K: 0.001 g/cm^3
• Atomic volume: 17.3 cm^3/mol

Discovered

• John Mayow an English physican demonstrated that air is not a single element in 1674.
• Joseph Black a Scottish chemist carried out my detailed work on air almost a centry later.
• Daniel Rutherford built on Black's work and in a series of step removed oxygen and carbon dioxide from air.
  • Released his discoveries in 1772.
• Carl Scheele a Swedish pharmasist discovered nitrogen independantly calling it spent air.
  • He apparently began his experiements in 1772.
  • He published his findings in 1777.

States

• State: gas
• Melting point: 63.05 K (-210.1 degrees C)
• Boiling point: 77.4 K (-195.8 degrees C)

Energies

• Specific heat capacity: 1.04 J g^-1 K^-1
• Heat of atomization: 473 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of fusion: 0.720 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of vaporization: 5.57 kJ mol^-1 of N2
• 1st ionization energy: 1402.3 kJ mol^-1
• 2nd ionization energy: 2856 kJ mol^-1
• 3rd ionization energy: 4578 kJ mol^-1
• Electron affinity: -6.75 kJ mol^-1

Oxidation & Electrons

• Shells: 2, 5
• Electron configuration: [He] 2s^2 2p^3
• Minimum oxidation number: -3
• Maximum oxidation number: 5
• Min. common oxidation no.: -3
• Max. common oxidation no.: 5
• Electrongativity (Pauling scale): 3.04
• Polarizability volume: 1.1 A^3

Apperance & Characteristics

• Structure: hexagonal close packed (HCP)
• Colour: colourless
• Hardness: mohs
• Harmful effects
  • non toxic under normal conditions.
  • direct skin contact with liquid nitrogen can cause severe frostbite.
  • decompression in divers or astronaughts can cause the 'bends'.
• Characteristics
  • odorless
  • lastless
  • diatomic

Reactions

• Reaction with air: none
• Reaction with 6 M HCl: none
• Reaction with 15 M HNO3: none
• Reaction with 6 M NaOH: none

Compounds

• Oxide(s)
  • N2O
  • NO
  • NO2
  • N2O5
• Chloride(s): NCl3
• Hydride(s)
  • Ammonia - NH3
  • Hydrazine - N2H4
  • Hydrazoic acid - HN3

Radius

• Atomic radius: 65 pm
• Ionic radius (1 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (3 + ion): 30 pm
• Ionic radius (2 - ion): pm
• Ionic radius (1 - ion): pm

Conductivity

• Thermanl conductivity: 0.02 W m^-1 K^-1
• Electrical conductivity: S cm^-1

Abundance & Isotopes

• Abundance earth's crust
  • 19 parts per million by weight
  • 28 parts per million by moles
• Abundance solar system
  • 1,000 parts per million by weight
  • 90 parts per million by moles
• Isotopes
  • Has 12 whose half lifes are known with mass numbers 11-19.
  • 2 are stable
    • ^14N
    • ^15N
  • Most common is ^14N (99.634%)

General

• Name: Oxygen
• Symbol: O
• Type: Non-metal
• Atomic weight: 15.9
• Density @ 293 K: 0.001 g/cm^3
• Atomic volume: 14.0 cm^3/mol

Discovered

• In 1774 by Joseph Priestley in England.
• Comes from the Greek word 'oxys' meaning acid and 'genes' meaning forming.

States

• State: Gas
• Melting point: 58.4 K (-218.3 degrees C)
• Boiling point: 90.2 K (-182.9 degrees C)

Energies

• Specific heat capacity: 0.918 J g^-1 K^-1
• Heat of atomization: 249 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of fusion: 0.444 kJ mol^-1
• Heat oof vaporization: 6.82 kJ mol^-1
• 1st ionization energy: 1313.9 kJ mol^-1
• 2nd ionization energy: 3388.2 kJ mol^-1
• 3rd ionization energy: 5300.3 kJ mol^-1
• Electron affinity: 140.9 kJ mol^-1

Oxidation & Electrons

• Shells: 2, 6
• Electron configuration: [He] 2s^2 2p^4
• Minimum oxidation number: -2
• Maximum oxidation number: 25
• Min. common oxidation no.: -2
• Max. common oxidation no.: 0
• Electrongativity (Pauling scale): 3.44
• Polarizability volume: 0.793 A^3

Apperance & Characteristics

• Structure: ------------
• Colour: colourless
• Harmful effects
  • O2 non-toxic under normal conditions
  • O3 is toxic and if inhaled can damage the lungs
• Characteristics
  • 02
    • odorless
    • tasteless
    • extremley radioactive
    • liquid and solid oxygen is pale blue

Reactions

• Reaction with air: none
• Reaction with 6 M HCl: none
• Reaction with 15 M HNO3: none
• Reaction with 6 M NaOH: none

Compounds

• Oxide(s)
  • O2
  • O3
• Chlode(s)
  • Cl2O
  • ClO2
• Hydride(s)
  • H2O

Radius

• Atomic radius: 60 pm
• ionic radius (1 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 + ion): om
• Ionic radius (3 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 - ion): 126 pm
• Ionic radius (1 - ion): pm

Conductivity

• Thermal conductivity: 0.025 W m^-1 K^-1
• Electrical conductivity: S cm^-1

Abundance & Isotopes

• Abundance earth's crust
  • 46% by weight
  • 60% by moles
• Abundance solar system
  • 9,000 ppm by weight
  • 700 ppm by moles
• Isotopes
  • Has 13 whose half lives are known with mass numbers 12-24.
  • 3 are stable
    • ^16O
    • ^17O
    • ^18O

General

• Name: Fluorine
• Symbol: F
• Type: Halogen
• Atomic weight: 18.9
• Density @ 293 K: 0.001 g/cm^3
• Atomic volume: 17.1 cm^3/mol

Discovered

• Georgius Agricola noted the use of the mineral flurspar as a flux in 1530.
• Comes from the Latin word 'fluere' meaning the flow.

States

• State: Gas
• Melting point: 53.6 K (-219.6 degrees C)
• Boiling point: 85.1 K (-188.1 degrees C)

Energies

• Specific heat capacity: 0.82 J g^-1 K^-1
• Heat of atomization: 79 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of fusion: 0.510 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of vaporization: 6.62 kJ mol^-1 of F2
• 1st ionization energy: 1681 kJ mol^-1
• 2nd ionization energy: 3374.1 kJ mol^-1
• 3rd ionization energy: 6050.3 kJ mol^-1
• Electron affinity: 382 kJ mol^-1

Oxidation & Electrons

• Shells: 2, 7
• Electron configuration: [He] 2s^2 2p^5
• Minimum oxidation number: -1
• Maximum oxidation number: 0
• Min. common oxidation no.: -1
• Max. common oxidation no.: 0
• Electronegativity (Pauling scale): 3.98
• Polarizability volume: 0.634 A^3

Apperance & Characteristics

• Structure: Cubic crystals in solid phase
• Colour: Pale yellow
• Hardness: mohs
• Harmful effects
  • Highly toxic
  • Corrosive
• Characteristics
  • The most reactive and electronegative of all the elements.
  • Flammable
  • Pungent odor.

Reactions

• Reaction with air: none
• Reaction with 6 M HCl: vigorous, = HF OF2, ClF3
• Reaction with 3 M HNO3: = NO3F
• Reaction with 6 M NaOH: vigorous: O2, NaF

Compounds

• Ocide(s): OF2
• Chloride(s)
  • ClF
  • ClF3
  • ClF5
• Hydride(s): HF (fluoric acid)

Radius

• Atomic radius: 50 pm
• Ionic radius (1 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (3 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 - ion): pm
• Ionic radius (1 - ion): 119 pm

Conductivity

• Thermal conductivity: 0.0277 W m^-1 K^-1
• Electrical conductivity: S cm^-1

Abundance & Isotopes

• Abundance earth's crust
  • 585 parts per million by weight
  • 104 parts per million by moles
• Abundance solar system
  • 500 parts per billion by weight
  • 30 parts per billion by moles
• Isotopes
  • Has 11 whose half lives are known with mass numbers 15-25.
  • 1 is stable
    • ^19F

General

• Name: Neon
• Symbol: Ne
• Type: Noble Gas
• Atomic weight: 20.179
• Density @ 293 K: 0.0009 g/cm^3
• Atomic volume: 16.7 cm^3/mol

Discovered

• By William Ramsay and Morris Travers during experiments with air in 1898.
• Comes from the Greek word 'neon' meaning new.

States

• State: Gas
• Melting point: 24.53 K (-248.57 degrees C)
• Boiling point: 27.1 K (-246.0 degrees C)

Energies

• Specific heat capacity: 0.904 J g^-1 K^-1
• Heat of atomization: 0 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of fusion: 0.3317 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of vaporization: 1.7 kJ mol^-1
• 1st ionizatoin energy: 2080.6 Kj mol^-1
• 2nd ionization energy: 3952.2 kJ mol^-1
• 3rd ionization energy: 6121.9 kJ mol^-1
• Electron affinity: kJ mol^-1

Oxidation & Electrons

• Shells: 2, 8
• electron configuration: [He] 2s^2 2p^6
• Minimum oxidation number: 0
• Maximum oxidation number: 0
• Min. common oxidation no.: 0
• Max. common oxidation no.: 0
• Electrongativity (pauling scale): -----------
• Polarizability volume: 0.396 A^3

Apperance & Characteristics

• Structure: face centered cubic (FCC)
• Colour: colourless
• Hardness: mohs
• Harmful effects: non-toxic
• Characteristics
  • light
  • inert gas
  • colourless under normal conditions
  • glows reddish-orange in a vacuum discharge tube
  • no stable compounds

Reactions

• Reaction with air: none
• Reaction with 6 M HCl: none
• Reaction with 15 M HNO3: none
• Reaction with 6 M NaOH: none

Compounds

• Oxide(s): none
• Chloride(s): none
• Hydride(s): none

Radius

• Atomic radius: 38 pm
• Ionic radius (1 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (3 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 - ion): pm
• Ionic radius (1 - ion): pm

Conductivity

• Thermal conductivity: 0.05 W m^-1 K^-1
• electrical conductivity: S cm^-1

Abundance & Isotopes

• Abundance earth's crust
  • 6 ppb by weight
  • 5 ppb by moles
• Abunddance solar system
  • 1000 ppm by weight
  • 70 ppm by moles
• Isotopes
  • Has 14 whose half lives are known with mass numbers 16-29
  • 3 are stable
    • ^20 Ne
    • ^21Ne
    • ^22Ne

General

• Name: Sodium
• Symbol: Na
• Type: Alkali metal
• Atomic weight: 22.98
• Density @ 293 K: 0.971 g/cm^3
• Atomic volume: 23.7 cm^3/mol

Discovered

• By Sir Humphry Davy in 1806.
• Symbol comes from the latin word 'natrium' menaing hydrated sodium carbonate

State

• State: Solid
• Melting point: 370.87 K (97.72 degress C)
• Boiling point: 1156 K (883 degress C)

Energies

• Specific heat capacity: 1.23 J g^-1 K^-1
• Heat of atomization: [Ne] 3s^1
• Heat of fusion: 2.598 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of vaporization: 96.960 kJ mol^-1
• 1st ionization energy: 495.8 kJ mol^-1
• 2nd ionization energy: 4562.4 kJ mol^-1
• 3rd ionization energy: 6912.2 kJ mol^-1
• Electron affinity: 52.868 kJ mol^-1

Oxidationa & Electrons

• Shells: 2, 8, 1
• Electron configuration: [Ne] 3s^1
• Minimum oxidation number: -1
• Maximum oxidation number: 1
• Min.common oxidation no.: 0
• Max. common oxidation no.: 1
• Electronegavitiy (Pauling scale): 0.93
• Polarizability volume: 23.6 A^3

Apperance & Charactistics

• Structure: Body centred cubic (BCC)
• Colour: Silvery white
• Harmful effects: Non-tocix, can cause irritation and burns
• Hardness: 0.5 mohs
• Characteristics
  • Soft enough to cut with the edge of a coin.
  • Freshly cut surfaces oxidize rapidly in air to form a dull, oxide coating
  • Burns in air with brilliant yellow flame
  • Floats on water

Reaction

• Reaction with air: vigarous, = Na2O2
• Reaction with 6 M HCl: viagrous, = H2, NaCl
• Reaction with 15 M HNO3: vigorous, = NaNO3, NOx
• Reaction with 6 M NaOH: vigorous, = H2, NaOH

Compounds

• Oxide(s): Na2O
• Chloride(s): NACl
• Hydride(s): NaH

Radius

• Atomic radius: 186 pm
• Ionic radius (1 + ion): 116 pm
• Ionic radius (2 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (3 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 - ion): pm
• Ionic radius (1 - ion): pm

Conductivity

• Thermal conductivity: 142 W m^-1 K^-1
• Electrical condictivity: 0.21 x 10^6 S cm^01

Abundance & Isotopes

• Adundance earth's crust
  • 2.4% by weight
  • 2.1% by moles
• Abundance solar system
  • 40 parts per million by weight
  • 2 parts per million by moles
• Isotopes
  • Has 16 whose half lives are know with mass numbers 20-35.
  • One is stable
    • ^23Na

General

• Name: Magnesium
• Symbol: Mg
• Type: Alkali earth metal
• atomic weight: 24.3
• Density @ 293 K: 1.7 g/cm^3
• Atomic volume: 13.8 cm^3/mol

Discovered

• Joseph Black a Scottish chemist recognised this element in 1755.
• First isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in England in 1808.
• Comes from the Greek work 'Magnesia' a distict of Thesssaly.

States

• State: Solid
• Melting point: 923 K (650 degrees C)
• Boiling point: 1363 K (1090 degrees C)

Energies

• Specific heat capacuty: 1.02 J g^-1 K^-1
• Heat of atomization: 146 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of fusion: 8.48 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of vaporization: 127.4 kJ mol^-1
• 1st ionization energy: 737.7 kJ mol^-1
• 2nd ionization energy: 1450.6 kJ mol^-1
• 3rd ionization energy: 7732.6 kJ mol^-1
• Electron affinity: 78 kJ mol^-1

Oxidation & Elctrons

• Shells: 2, 8, 2
• Electron configuration: [Ne] 3s^2
• Minimum oxidation number: 0
• Maximum oxidation number: 2
• Min. common oxidation no.: 0
• Max. common oxidation no.: 2
• Electrongativity (Pauling scale): 1.31
• Polarizability volume: 10.6 A^3

Apperance & Characteristics

• Structure: hexagonal close packed (HCP)
• Colour: silvery-white
• Hardness: 2.5 mohs
• Harmful effects
  • Powder is highly explosive.
  • Bright white light plus ultraviolet from burning magnesium can cause permant eye damage.
• Characteristics
  • low density
  • reasonably strong metal that tarnishes in air to form an oxide coating
  • good corrosion resistance
  • produces a brilliant white light when burning

Reactions

• Reaction with air: vigorous, w/ht =
  • MgO
  • Mg3N2

• Reaction with 6 M HCl: mild, =
  • H2
  • MgCl2
• Reaction with 15 M HNO3: vigorous, =
  • NOx
  • Mg(NO3)2
• Reaction with 6 M NaOH: none

Compounds

• Oxide(s): MgO
• Chloride(s): MgCl2
• Hydride(s): MgH2

Radius

• Atomic radius: 150 pm
• Ionic radius (1 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 + ion):pm
• Ionic radius (3 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 - ion): pm
• Ionic radius (1 - ion): pm

Conductivity

• Thermal conductivity: 156 W m^-1 K^-1
• Electrical conductivity: 22.4 x 10^6 S cm^-1

Abundance & Isotopes

• Abundance earth's crust
  • 2.3% by weight
  • 2.0% by moles
• Abundance solar system
  • 700 ppm by weight
  • 30 ppm by moles
• Isotopes
  • Has 15 whose half lives are known with mass numbers 20-34
  • 3 are stable
    • ^24 Mg
    • ^25 Mg
    • ^26 Mg

General

• Name: Aliminuim
• Symbol: Al
• Type: Metal
• Atomic weight: 26.9
• Density @ 293 K: 2.7 g/cm^3
• Atomic volume: 9.98 cm^3/mol

Discovered

• Humphry Davy decomposed alumina in an electric arc to obtain a metal in 1807/1808.
• First isolated by Hans Christian in 1825.

States

• State: Solid
• Melting point: 993 K (660 degrees C)
• Boiling point: 2740 K (2466 degrees C)

Energies

• Specific heat capacity: 0.90 J g^-1 K^-1
• Heat of atomization: 326 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of fusion: 10.9 kJ mol^-1
• Heat of vaporization: 293 kJ mol^-1
• 1st ionization energy: 577.6 kJ mol^-1
• 2nd ionization energy: 1816 kJ mol^-1
• 3rd ionization energy: 2744 kJ mol^-1
• Electron affinity: 42.6 kJ mol^-1

Oxidation & Electrons

• Shells: 2, 8, 3
• Electron configuration: [Ne] 3s^2 3p^1
• Minimum oxidation number: 0
• Maximum oxidation number: 3
• Min. common oxidation no.: 0
• Max. common oxidation no.: 3
• Electrongativity (Pauling scale): 1.61
• Polarizability volume: 8.3 A^3

Apperance & Characteristics

• Structure: face centered cubic (FCC)
• Colour: Silvery
• Harmful effects: ingestion may cause alzheimers disease.
• Hardness: 2.8 mohs
• Characteristics
  • non magnetic
  • excellent electrical conductor
  • low density
  • pure aliminium is quite soft and lacks strength

Reactions

• Reaction with air: mild, w/ht = Al2O3
• Reaction with 6 MM HCl: mild, =
  • H2
  • AlCl3
• Reaction with 15 M HNO3: passivated
• Reaction with 6 M NaOH: mild =
  • H2
  • [Al(OH)4]

Compounds

• Oxide(s): Al2O3
• Chloride(s)
  • AlCl3
  • Al2Cl5
• Hydride(s): AlH3

Radius

• Atomic radius: 125 pm
• Ionic radius (1 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (2 + ion): pm
• Ionic radius (3 + ion): 53.5 pm
• Ionic radius (2 - ion): pm
• Ionic radius (1 - ion): pm

Conductivity

• Thermal conductivity: 237 W m^-1 K^-1
• Electrical conductivity: 37.6 x 10^6 S m^-1

Abundance & Isotopes

• Abundance earth's crust
  • 8.23% by weight
  • 6.32% by moles
• Abundance solar system
  • 56 ppm by weight
  • 2.7 ppm by moles
• Isotopes
  • 15 whose half lives are know
  • Mass numbers 22 to 35.
  • 2 occur naturally.
  • ^27Al is stable
  • ^26Al is radioactive with half life 7.17 x 10^5 years.