P.E. - Musculoskeletal System

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  • Created by: Erin W
  • Created on: 13-05-17 16:26

Role of the Skeletal System

  • Protection - cranium protects the brain
  • Shape - bones determine body shape e.g. height
  • Blood production - red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow of flat bones
  • Support - hold the position of vital organs e.g. lungs are held in place by ribs
  • Movement - bones are jointed and move with muscles
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Types of Connective Tissue

Cartilage:

  • Found at the end of the bones and acts as as a 'shock absorber' between joints.

Ligaments:

  • Attach bone to bone and stabilise a joint.

Tendons:

  • Connect muscle to bone and allow for movement to take place.
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Types of Bones

  • Long - movement e.g. femur
  • Short - shock absorption - carpals/tarsals
  • Flat (plate) - protects organs - ribs
  • Irregular - provides shape - vertebrae
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Types of Muscles

  • Skeletal / Voluntary - the muscles that are attached to the bones by tendons
  • Involuntary - function automatically e.g. intestines
  • Cardiac - heart
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Types of Joints

  • Fixed / immovable joints - also known as fibrous joints e.g. joints between different bones in the skull
  • Slightly movable joints - small amount of movement permitted and separated by cartilage e.g. verterbrae
  • Freely movable / synovial joints - freely moveable and surrounded by synovial fluid e.g. knee
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Types of Synovial Joints

  • Hinge - knee
  • Ball-and-socket - shoulder
  • Gliding - bones in feet
  • Pivot - neck
  • Condyloid - wrist
  • Saddle - thumb
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Types of Movement

  • Adduction - movement of a limb towards the body
  • Abduction - movement of a limb away from the body
  • Flexion - decreasing the angle at a joint (bending)
  • Extension - increasing the angle at a joint (straightneing)
  • Rotation - a circular movement around a fixed point
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Muscle Contractions

Isotonic contraction:

  • When muscles contract to create movement
  • Concentric - muscle shortens as fibres contract
  • Eccentric - fibres contract as muscle lengthens

Isometric contraction:

  • When muscles contract with no resulting movement
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Muscles and Movement

Muscles work in pairs to create movement:

  • Prime mover/agonist - Contracts to create movement
  • Antagonist - Relaxes to allow the movement to take place
  • Origin - End of a muscle attached to a fixed bone
  • Insertion - End of a muscle attached to a moving bone
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Practical Example of Movement (2017 Scenario)

James' muscles are attached to his bones by strong tendons. When James runs, his knee must bend (flexion) and straighten (extension). The quadriceps and hamstrings must work together (antagonistic pairs) to create the movements.

If the hamstrings contract (prime mover), the quadriceps will relax (antagonist) to allow flexion of the knee to take place.

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